企业生态位及其能动性选择研究

企业生态位是指企业在特定时期特定生态环境里能动地与环境及其他企业相互 作用过程中所形成的相对地位与功能作用。企业生态位是联系企业自身生存发展与企业生存 环境的纽带,是体现企业竞争力的标志。企业要立足自身的实力和优势,分析环境的特点以及 企业与环境的协调关系,利用企业的能动性,构建适合自身的生态位。要从内环境因子分析中 寻找自身优势与劣势,从时间性因子(业务发展、经济阶段发展、企业自身发展)与社会性因子分 析中寻找生态对策和发展机遇,从空间性因子(价值链、地理位置、行业领域等)和资源性因子分 析中寻找生存机会和企业生态位,并利用系统思维及子系统分析探求企业生态位的可行性。     

基于产品寿命次数的闭环供应链生产优化问题研究

本文研究了单一厂商制造/再制造集成系统的多期生产优化问题.首先,基于闭环供应链的全生命周期思想,通过引入产品寿命次数的概念构造了不超过产品寿命次数而能够进行再制造的回收产品与新制造产品之间的数量关系;接着,验证了将可再制造产品全部用于再制造时能够实现利润最大化的目标;然后,给出了几个有关解的性质;最后,通过算例对本文模型的性质和规律作进一步分析.     

现代汉字海报设计解读

汉字是中华民族的文化瑰宝,自古至今一直是文人学者研究的重点。当前的汉字海报设计还停留在比较简单的层面,本文试图从汉字的形成、汉字创造运用的方法、汉字的精神和意境、汉字图形的发展等几个方面,立体地、全方位地探讨汉字元素与海报设计的关系,通过探讨汉字对海报设计的影响来研究在中国海报设计背后的文化根源。     

Do statements about desired family size predict fertility? the case of Taiwan, 1967–1970

The predictive accuracy of respondents' statements about their future fertility is examined, using interview data from a longitudinal study conducted in Taiwan. Two measures of preference are found to be highly intercorrelated; and regardless of which one is used, Taiwanese women are shown to predict their subsequent fertility at least as well as U.S. women. The preference measures are also predictive of rates of contraceptive use and abortion. While demographic and social characteristics are correlated with fertility in expected directions, statements about wanting more children prove to be highly predictive of subsequent fertility for both modern and less advanced segments of the population.     

Salt and blood pressure. Conventional wisdom reconsidered

The salt hypothesis is that higher levels of salt in the diet lead to higher levels of blood pressure, increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease. Intersalt, a cross-sectional study of salt levels and blood pressures in 52 populations, is often cited to support the salt hypothesis, but the data are somewhat contradictory. Four of the populations (Kenya, Papua, and 2 Indian tribes in Brazil) do have low levels of salt and blood pressure. Across the other 48 populations, however, blood pressures go down as salt levels go up, contradicting the hypothesis. Experimental evidence suggests that the effect of a large reduction in salt intake on blood pressure is modest, and health consequences remain to be determined. Funding agencies and medical journals have taken a stronger position favoring the salt hypothesis than is warranted, raising questions about the interaction between the policy process and science.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
Falicov, C.J. (1998). Latino families in therapy: A guide to multicultural practice .
White, M. (1997). Narratives of therapist's lives .
Valenstein, E. S., (1998). Blaming the brain: The THRUTH about drugs and mental health .
Coll, C., Surrey, J., & Weingarten, K. (1998). Mothering against the odds .
DeJong, P., & Berg, I. K. (1998). Interviewing for solutions .
Brown, S., & Lewis, L. (1999). The alcoholic family in recovery: A developmental model .     

Obesity and Food Choices Among Faculty and Staff at a Large Urban University

Abstract

Objective: In order to address increasing health care costs associated with obesity, this study sought to determine prevalence of overweight and obesity and examine eating behaviors, food choices, health beliefs, and attitudes of university employees. Participants and Methods: An online survey was distributed to > 3,800 faculty and staff at a large public metropolitan university in Winter 2008. Results: Almost half (48%) of 806 respondents were classified as overweight or obese. Compared to those with normal weights, overweight and obese respondents consumed fewer fruits and vegetables (p < .05), were less confident in making healthful food choices (p < .001), and were more influenced by food choices available in on-campus dining facilities (p < .05). Conclusions: Obesity among university employees warrants attention. Because these employees have less self-efficacy and consume less healthful diets than their normal weight colleagues, universities need to improve on-campus access to healthful foods.     

Changes in fertility expectations and preferences between 1962 and 1977: Their relation to final parity

Changing fertility expectations and preferences from 1962 to 1977 are compared with final parity in a longitudinal study. Results are strongly affected by initial parity in 1962. Final parity, 27 percent below expectations for those initially childless, illustrates the effect for couples free to change expectations downward of declining fertility preferences. Changes in expectations early in marriage had a significant long-term effect on final parity, as did early differences between wife’s expectations and husband’s preferences. Unplanned births increased final parity significantly. Religion, education, and income had no systematic relation to the discrepancy between initial expectations and final parity.     

Resolving inconsistencies in trends in old-age disability: Report from a technical working group

In September 2002, a technical working group met to resolve previously published inconsistencies across national surveys in trends in activity limitations among the older population. The 12-person panel prepared estimates from five national data sets and investigated methodological sources of the inconsistencies among the population aged 70 and older from the early 1980s to 2001. Although the evidence was mixed for the 1980s and it is difficult to pinpoint when in the 1990s the decline began, during the mid- and late 1990s, the panel found consistent declines on the order of 1%-2.5% per year for two commonly used measures in the disability literature: difficulty with daily activities and help with daily activities. Mixed evidence was found for a third measure: the use of help or equipment with daily activities. The panel also found agreement across surveys that the proportion of older persons who receive help with bathing has declined at the same time as the proportion who use only equipment (but not personal care) to bathe has increased. In comparing findings across surveys, the panel found that the period, definition of disability, treatment of the institutionalized population, and age standardizing of results were important to consider. The implications of the findings for policy, national survey efforts, and further research are discussed.