Economic activity and occupation in the Pacific Islands: issues of census classification and analysis

The author discusses the census assessment of economic activity and occupation in the Pacific Island nations of Oceania. "In the Pacific Islands, subsistence and certain kinds of cash activities are often overlooked, and this omission tends to make vulnerable groups, especially women, less visible to planners and politicians. Some progress has been made in incorporating nonwage and noncash activities into recent classification systems used in censuses. One of the purposes of the new International Classification of Occupations...is to provide an improved system of classification for such activities.... Also needed in the Pacific are systems for providing more meaningful data collection and analysis on the relationship between individual and household activities."     

Perceptions of leader emotion regulation and LMX as predictors of followers' job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behaviors

To align personal feelings with socially defined display rules, individuals often turn to one of two self-presentation strategies: surface or deep acting. Leaders could be expected to rely on these regulatory techniques, as their work roles demand an ability to convey meaning through emotions that may or may not be authentically felt. In this study, we examined how different forms of emotion regulation, as engaged in by those in leadership roles, influence follower job attitudes and behaviors. We predicted that follower perceptions of the leader–member exchange relationship would moderate main effect relationships. Survey results collected from 126 employed individuals indicated that LMX quality influenced follower reactions to the form of emotion regulation engaged in by supervisors. Specifically, deep acting was positively associated with job satisfaction for members in low-quality exchanges, while surface acting negatively affected participation in prosocial acts for individuals in high-quality exchanges. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.     

The effect of comparisons on detecting deceit

The present study examined the impact of viewing condition on accuracy in detecting deception. In Experiment 1, observers saw: 1) a single interview for each subject and then judged whether it was honest or deceptive; or 2) two interviews for each subject, and then judged which one was deceptive. All observers were given the full audiovisual record; they were able to see the face and the entire body and to hear the speech as it was spoken. As predicted, detection accuracy when two interviews were available for comparison was significantly higher than accuracy for a single interview. In both cases, however, mean detection accuracy was not significantly different from chance. In Experiment 2, the impact of viewing order of the two interviews (honest first vs. deception first) was assessed. When honest interviews were shown first, judges' accuracy was significantly greater than when deceptive interviews were shown first, and it was also significantly better than chance. Heuristics such as anchoring and representativeness may account for this phenomenon. Reasons for observers' inability to detect deception in this, and other studies, are discussed.Paul Ekman's work is also supported by a Research Scientist Award from the National Institute of Mental Health (MH 06092) and a previous grant from NIMH (MH11976).     

Felt,false, and miserable smiles

Theoretically based distinctions linked to measurable differences in appearance are described for three smiles: felt smiles (spontaneous expressions of positive emotion); false smiles (deliberate attempts to appear as if positive emotion is felt when it isn't); and, miserable smiles (acknowledgements of feeling miserable but not intending to do much about it). Preliminary evidence supports some of the hypotheses about how these three kinds of smile differ.This research was supported by a grant (MH 11976) and a Research Scientist Award (MH 06092) from the National Institute of Mental Health. We are grateful to Maureen O'Sullivan for her suggestions on this report.