The Reliability of Measurement and the Cross‐Time Stability of Individual and Family Variables

Using data from a 31‐year panel study, we evaluate both the reliability of measurement of family attitudes, relationships, and self‐concepts and the stability of these variables across time. We also compare the reliability of measurement and the stability of variables across time in these domains of family life with the reliability and stability of behavioral dimensions. Our results provide considerable support for the hypothesis that family relationships, attitudes, and self‐concepts can be measured reliably. We also demonstrate that self‐concepts and family relationships and attitudes have high levels of stability across significant periods of time, and that these are comparable to those for the behavioral indicators we examined.     

Making a Statement: an exploratory study of barriers facing women with an intellectual disability when making a statement about sexual assault to police

Many women with intellectual disability become the victims of sexual assault. Despite this, anecdotal evidence suggests that few cases are prosecuted. This qualitative study looks at the barriers that arise at the crucial first step toward the prosecution of a complaint - making a statement to the police. In this study, sexual assault workers and members of the New South Wales police service in the greater Sydney area, Australia, were interviewed to identify the barriers that arise when women with intellectual disability decide to make a statement to police following sexual assault. The study's findings demonstrate a need for greater awareness within the police service of police policies and procedures, and legislation, as well as greater co-operation between the police service and other organisations, which have an impact on the lives of women with intellectual disability.     

Does Relationship Lending Still Matter in the Consumer Banking Sector? Evidence from the Automobile Loan Market*

Objective. This article examines the role of relationship lending in the automobile loan market at a community development credit union (CDCU) and at a traditional community bank. Method. Data collected from actual car loan applications are used in a probit analysis to estimate the importance of selected demographic, financial, and loan‐specific variables on the probability of loan approval at the two types of financial institutions. Results. We first show that the community bank relies on credit scoring, not relationship lending. Relationship lending is, however, a critical factor in the loan decision at the CDCU. Low‐income households with strong ties to the CDCU are likely to receive loans, despite poor credit histories. Conclusions. If consolidation, deregulation, and technology move mainstream financial institutions away from relationship lending and toward credit scoring, CDCUs will occupy an increasingly critical niche for low‐income households.     

Knowledge and beliefs about national development and developmental hierarchies: The viewpoints of ordinary people in thirteen countries

Scholars and policy makers have for centuries constructed and used developmental hierarchies to characterize different countries. The hypotheses motivating this paper are that such social constructions have been circulated internationally, are constructed similarly in various countries, and follow the social constructions of elite international organizations, such as the United Nations. This paper uses data from 15 surveys in 13 diverse countries to study how developmental hierarchies are understood in everyday life. Our research shows that most people have constructions of developmental hierarchies that are similar across countries and are similar to the developmental hierarchies constructed by the United Nations. These findings suggest that developmental hierarchies are widely understood around the world and are widely available to ordinary people as they make decisions about many aspects of life.     

Cape York Peninsula,Australia: A frontier region undergoing a multifunctional transition with indigenous engagement

Within Australia’s tropical savanna zone, the northernmost frontier regions have experienced the swiftest transition towards multifunctional occupance, as a formerly flimsy productivist mode is readily displaced by more complex modes, with greater prominence given to consumption, protection and Indigenous values. Of these frontier regions, Cape York Peninsula has become the focus for increasingly entrenched, complex contests about regional futures, with the transition towards complex multifunctionality demonstrated in the 1970, 1990 and 2010 tenure maps. Transition dynamics are explored in tables summarising functional trajectories at these benchmark years, also with an examination of non-Indigenous and Indigenous driving forces, actors, agendas, power relations and decision processes. In this increasingly contested arena, currently the pivotal divide is between traditionalist/localist against modernist/reformist/regionalist visions of Indigenous futures, with this divide influencing the agendas and strategies of other major participants, notably conservationists and state and federal governments. The most probable functional trajectory towards 2030 can be identified, based on the partial resolution of the current flux in land tenures, property rights, power relations and economic prospects. The peninsula yields further evidence on the links between multifunctional dynamics, contestability and shifting place identities.     

Separations,Reconciliations, and Living Apart in Cohabiting and Marital Unions

Using data from a panel study of White young adults containing complete marital and cohabiting union histories from age 15 through 31, our goal is to track and compare the paths along which young adults arrange and time the entries and exits from marital and cohabiting unions. We focus on the incidence, duration, and outcomes of 2 dimensions that embrace residential separation: (a) separations that relate to discord in the relationship and (b) living apart from the partner or spouse for reasons other than discord. Our results show that union trajectories are dynamic and involve a heterogeneous and multidirectional array of transitions. We also find consistent differences supporting the idea that marital unions are more stable and durable than cohabiting unions.     

Describing Australian Families to Themselves: An interview with Don Edgar

As family therapists we focus on specific families and their ways of living together, but what of the broader social patterns of family life? Don Edgar has spent the last ten years as Director of The Australian Institute of Family Studies. He left his position as a University lecturer and researcher in Sociology to establish an Institute devoted entirely to research on factors affecting marital and family stability in Australia. Don Edgar's list of publications and conference papers is extensive. His audiences include social scientists, school children, lawyers, judges, social and political policy makers, parents, teachers and anyone who has any access to the media. Under Don Edgar's direction, the Institute of Family Studies has become a hub of family research in Australia.     

Ethnography in rural Cape Breton: coping with postmodernism

La critique post-moderne de l'ethnographie nous a amenés àévaluer le travail que nous avons déjà effectué dans une localité rurale de lîle du Cap-Breton. Dans cette article, nous étudions l'ethnographie sous ses deux aspects: travail sur le terrain et production culturelle. L'observation participante classique s'effectue dans le contexte de relations asymétriques entre l'ethnographe et les membres des ‘autres' cultures. La monographie ethnographique classique a tendance à aggraver le problème en considérant les ‘autres' à la fois comme sujets et comme public. Cet examen nous amène à recommander qu'on mette davantage l'accent sur la participation de l'ethnographe à la vie de la collectivité, sur la réciprocité des relations et sur la responsabilisation. La participation des membres de la collectivitéà l'étude ethnographique, grâce à l'enregistrement des entrevues portant sur les histoires de vie, constitue la base de monographies à caractère polyphonique où se mêlent les récits des ethnographes et ceux des sujets. The postmodernist critique of ethnography has led us to evaluate our work in rural Cape Breton Island. In this paper we examine ethnography in terms of its duality: ethnographic fieldwork and cultural production. Traditional participant-observation proceeds in the context of asymmetries in the relationships between ethnographer and cultural ‘Others’. The traditional ethnographic monograph tends to compound the problem in the context of ‘Others' as both subject and audience. Our examination leads us to advocate increased emphasis on participation by the ethnographer in community life, on reciprocity and accountability. Participation by community members in the ethnographic process through recorded life history interviews provides a basis for a monograph formed by a polyphony of narratives by ethnographer and subjects.     

Female Juvenile Sexual Offenders: Understanding Who They Are and Possible Steps That May Prevent Some Girls From Offending

In recent years, there has been accumulating evidence that sexual abuse committed by females is not rare and can be just as traumatic as sexual abuse committed by males. Despite the increased recognition given to sex offending by adult women, however, very little attention has been given to sex offenses committed by juvenile females. There has further been very little published material that has focused specifically on intervening with female children and adolescents before they offend. In an attempt to fill this gap, this article describes common characteristics of juvenile female sex offenders, ways in which juvenile female sex offenders are similar to and different from juvenile male sex offenders, and the limitations that exist related to our knowledge about these offenders. Based on this information, suggestions are given for possible ways to intervene in the lives of at-risk female youth before they offend.