Toward an understanding of the etiology and treatment of psychological dysfunction among single teenage mothers: Part 1, a review of the literature

Abstract

This paper, the first of a two‐part series to be published in sequential issues of the journal, reviews the recent intervention literature about single teenage mothers who are psychologically dysfunctional. It emphasizes the interplay of social, economic and developmental factors as stressors in the lives of these young women and explores some of the issues that need to be addressed in constructing effective therapeutic programs. The second paper describes an intervention program consisting of long‐term developmentally‐oriented groups for single teenage mothers and their children.     

Who Holds the Stakes? A Case Study of Stakeholder Identification at Two Nuclear Weapons Production Sites

Traditional risk assessments, including those involving the United States Department of Energy (USDOE), are often criticized for producing useless or noncredible management responses because they did not meaningfully involve the public. The first step to involve the public is to identify appropriate active participants (stakeholders). This study was done to understand the processes used to identify stakeholders to serve on advisory boards established at the two largest remediation sites in the United States: the Hanford Nuclear Reservation in Washington state and the Savannah River Site in South Carolina. The Hanford stakeholder identification process produced an interest-based board whereas the Savannah River Site strategy produced population-based representation. The basic goals of the stakeholder advisory groups were similar. However, different processes were used to identify the participants for the groups in part because of distinctly different social and cultural conditions in the areas affected by the operations of the two facilities, and in part because of the different level of trust of the USDOE and their contractors at Hanford compared with Savannah River. The discussion analyzes their different needs and potential for successful citizen participation.     

Bureaucratic Role Characteristics and Member Affective Response in Organizations*

This study examines the relationship between three bureaucratic role-structure dimensions and affective responses in organizations. Contrary to much theory, it is hypothesized that formal structuring of activities has a positive effect on members' satisfaction and perceived climate; consistent with bureaucratic theory, it is hypothesized that both role constraints and rule enforcement have negative effects. Results from a sample of 332 members of work organizations largely support this model. In addition, structural analysis techniques demonstrate no significant group-level effects, suggesting that the influence of bureaucratic structure is mediated largely through individual roles. These results demonstrate contradictory, rather than consistent negative, effects of bureaucratic structure on members. Specifically, members react favorably to well-delineated rules, though they dislike the restricted autonomy and personal enforcement that generally accompany them.     

Halfway There? Policy,Politics and Outcomes in Community Care

The community care reforms which followed the 1989 White Paper "Caring for People"were apparently focused on addressing the needs of people requiring long-term care, and on achieving improved outcomes and better quality of life.
The agenda set out by the White Paper was for community care in the next decade and beyond. Half way through this decade, we question the extent to which the objectives of promoting choice and independence for users and carers have been achieved. The paper draws particularly on a programme of monitoring conducted jointly by the Nuffield Institute for Health and the King's Fund, based on national and local focus groups meeting over a two-year period. It proposes a framework for evaluation which consists of four components: the definition of desired outcomes; specification of service systems necessary to deliver such outcomes; promotion of access to services; and the development of supporting operational policies and resource allocation mechanisms.
This framework offers a substantial step beyond much of the monitoring of the community care reforms which has taken place to date. This has assessed progress largely in terms of the establishment of new systems and processes. We conclude that such changes were essential building blocks for delivering better-quality community care services, and in the short term it may have been legitimate to view their establishment as proxies for progress towards delivering user-centred services. However, monitoring and evaluation should now be increasingly oriented towards ensuring that these changes are in fact producing the desired service outputs and urn outcomes. We propose that our framework offers one such way forward.     

Utilization of Family Photos and Movies in Family Therapy

This article discusses a technique the authors have designated Family Photo Reconnaisance. They describe the rationale for and process of utilizatizing family photographs and movies in family therapy sessions to evoke past events and memories and to uncover feelings about these occurrences and the people involved in them. Through their utilization, how one has changed over time is vividly seen. Who is missing from the constellation and when they "dropped out of the family orbit becomes obvious as do distorted memories. Family members reexperiencing the past together around their photographs come to better appreciate one another's current feelings and behavior and often are enabled to gain mastery over unresolved conflicts.     

Scheduling a transportation network

The objective of this article is to give a concise report on a project to achieve an optimal operation of a public transportation network by the application of modern mathematical programming methods and computing techniques. The paper delineates the formulation of a mathematical model of a general public transportation network, and sketches a procedure to determine the buses' departure times so as to optimize a desired performance index; specifically, the average waiting time of passengers.     

Ticking fast or ticking slow, through Shc must you go?

Circumstantial evidence places the p66 isoform of the adapter protein Shc in a position to mediate the accelerated aging phenotype displayed by mice expressing shortened forms of the tumor suppressor protein p53. We present a model in which p66(shc) may be responsible for integrating signals from the p53 pathway with signals from the insulin-like growth factor-1/Daf pathway in mammals. A full understanding of how interactions between p53 and p66(shc) affect longevity will require the production of animals with mutations in the genes encoding both proteins.