Rethinking Occupational Integration

This paper uses US Census data from 1970 to 1990 to focus on “integrated” occupations—those in which men and women are approximately equally represented. We focus on the extensive variability that exists across these nominally integrated occupations, specifically their social demography and the paths by which they reach compositional sex equity. We also examine the link between occupational integration and race/sex succession, and explore the earnings consequences of working in mixed occupations. Our findings suggest that integration means quite different things at different levels of the occupational hierarchy and for the women and men integrating sex-atypical occupations. This is a revised version of a paper presented at the Annual Meetings of the American Sociological Association, Anaheim, CA, August 2001.     

Emerging services for community-based long-term care in urban China: a systematic analysis of Shanghai's community-based agencies

China's rapid economic reforms, coupled with the changes in age composition of the demographic structure, have greatly affected the traditional family support system. In response to these changes, efforts to develop new models of community-based long-term care (CBLTC) for elders in China have received growing attention. This paper provides a systematic analysis of the current status of emerging CBLTC systems in Shanghai, China. It covers several domains of the system: service delivery, workforce, financing, and quality of care management. Several main issues involved in the development of the emerging system are addressed, and relevant policy implications are presented in the paper.     

Further developments in Societies for Clinical Social Work: A ten-year follow-up study

In 1973, the first report of the development of Societies for Clinical Social Work was published, describing a fledgling movement among clinical workers across the nation. The present survey offers parallel data on that movement ten years later. The movement apparently continues robust growth, and seems more tightly focused on very specific goals which rank highly with society members and their leaders, particularly vendorship issues and education for clinical social work. The opinions of members of these societies suggest that they are firmly identified with social work history, education, and values, but are committed to parity with other independent professionals in the field of psychotherapy.The address of the Washington office of the National Federation of Societies for Clinical Social Work is 2101 L. Street N. W., Washington, D. C. 20037. Ken Adams of Dickstein, Shapiro & Morin is the Legislative Representative and Karen Corey is the Administrative Assistant: phone (202) 785–9700.     

Child Abuse: A Cognitive Behavioral Intervention Model

The frequency of child abuse, together with its generational pattern of reocurrence, has created a need for additional models for child abuse treatment. Presented herein is a six-step child abuse intervention model based upon cognitive-behavioral change strategies. Allowing immediate alleviation of abuse when only one adult family member is in contact with the assisting agency, the proposed model provides for the restructuring of parenting style to increase the probabilities of permanent change.
This model is currently being utilized by one of the authors to assist self-referred abusive patients in a group setting.     

A protective service system

This article presents the results of a small scale study of the protective service caseload of a mid-western metropolitan area. The basic characteristics of the caseload match the national picture presented by the American Humane Association's National Study on Child Abuse and Neglect. The present study focused on the degree to which “systematic” vs. “random” forces appear to be at work in the progress of cases through the system. The overall picture is of some systematic efforts to conduct the process of referrals to community agencies but of a great deal of “randomness” in the bureaucratic closing of cases. This is a major area of concern.     

Constructing case vignettes for evaluating clinical judgment: An empirical model

Studies of clinical judgment are frequently based on analogue research, which uses experimenter-controlled stimuli to elicit judgments. The stimuli may be live models, audio- or video-taped models, or written case vignettes describing a clinical encounter. A major challenge of analogue research is to construct stimuli that maintain a balance between experimental rigor and clinical reality. An ideal set of case vignettes, for example, will contain summaries that resemble actual case histories and that are varied only on the specific clinical factors being studied. The model presented here demonstrates the empirical development of written case analogues in which several variables are studied simultaneously. The model can be adapted to any setting in which professionals are required to make judgments or decisions about individuals. The vignettes described here have been used in a variety of clinical settings to assess the reliability of clinicians'judgments and to aid in evaluation and program planning.     

COUPLES' LONG-TERM EVALUATIONS OF THEIR MARRIAGE ENCOUNTER EXPERIENCE

This retrospective survey was conducted to determine how couples felt about their Marriage Encounter experience an average of four years later. One hundred twenty-nine couples were randomly selected from those who attended a National Marriage Encounter weekend in Eastern Iowa over a ten-year period. The results indicated that about 80% of the couples reported a totally positive experience. The most frequently cited positive aspect of the program was the "dialogue" or communication technique designed to encourage the expression of feelings. Nearly one in ten couples reported three or more negative effects of the program on their relationship. The most frequently cited negative effect was that needs were identified on the weekend but not subsequently fulfilled, resulting in greater frustration for the respondent. Within the design limits of a retrospective survey, we concluded that Marriage Encounter is viewed as a helpful experience by most couples, but that a significant minority of couples may experience negative consequences of the program.     

Tracing developmental trends in Ira Gordon's programs for children and families

Ira Gordon's work in the area of child and family services is traced for six of his programs according to two main trends: (1) perceptions of families through the years and the changing roles of parents in the education of their children; and (2) curriculum changes in activities brought into homes. Gordon's programs, some being initiated as early as 1966, focused upon parents, infants, toddlers, and school-age children and utilized home visitations as a major intervention strategy. Evidence of successes reported for these programs has shown the impact of early intervention upon children as well as their families, school, and community.