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851.
Sigrid Rotering-Steinberg 《Gruppendynamik und Organisationsberatung》2009,40(2):125-127
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
852.
We examine differences in the value of statistical life (VSL) across potential wage levels in panel data using quantile regressions
with intercept heterogeneity. Latent heterogeneity is econometrically important and affects the estimated VSL. Our findings
indicate that a reasonable average cost per expected life saved cut-off for health and safety regulations is 7 million to7 million to
8 million per life saved, but the VSL varies considerably across the labor force. Our results reconcile the previous discrepancies
between hedonic VSL estimates and the values implied by theories linked to the coefficient of relative risk aversion. Because the VSL varies elastically with income, regulatory agencies should regularly update the VSL used in benefit assessments,
increasing the VSL proportionally with changes in income over time. 相似文献
853.
854.
Decision making theory in general, and mental models in particular, associate judgment and choice. Decision choice follows
probability estimates and errors in choice derive mainly from errors in judgment. In the studies reported here we use the
Monty Hall dilemma to illustrate that judgment and choice do not always go together, and that such a dissociation can lead
to better decision-making. Specifically, we demonstrate that in certain decision problems, exceeding working memory limitations
can actually improve decision choice. We show across four experiments that increasing the number of choice alternatives forces
people to collapse choices together, resulting in better decision-making. While choice performance improves, probability judgments
do not change, thus demonstrating an important dissociation between choice and probability judgments. We propose the Collapsing
Choice Theory (CCT) which explains how working memory capacity, probability estimation, choice alternatives, judgment, and
regret all interact and effect decision quality.
相似文献
855.
Luís Santos-Pinto 《Theory and Decision》2009,66(4):317-343
Research in psychology suggests that some individuals are more sensitive to positive than to negative information while others
are more sensitive to negative rather than positive information. I take these cognitive positive–negative asymmetries in information
processing to a Bayesian decision-theory model and explore its consequences in terms of decisions and payoffs. I show that
in monotone decision problems economic agents with more positive-responsive information structures are always better off,
ex ante, when they face problems where payoffs are relatively more sensitive to the action chosen when the state of nature
is favorable.
相似文献
856.
Theodore J. Noseworthy Karen Finlay 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2009,25(3):331-342
This research examined the effects of a casino’s auditory character on estimates of elapsed time while gambling. More specifically,
this study varied whether the sound heard while gambling was ambient casino sound alone or ambient casino sound accompanied
by music. The tempo and volume of both the music and ambient sound were varied to manipulate temporal engagement and introspection.
One hundred and sixty (males = 91) individuals played slot machines in groups of 5–8, after which they provided estimates
of elapsed time. The findings showed that the typical ambient casino auditive environment, which characterizes the majority
of gaming venues, promotes understated estimates of elapsed duration of play. In contrast, when music is introduced into the
ambient casino environment, it appears to provide a cue of interval from which players can more accurately reconstruct elapsed
duration of play. This is particularly the case when the tempo of the music is slow and the volume is high. Moreover, the
confidence with which time estimates are held (as reflected by latency of response) is higher in an auditive environment with
music than in an environment that is comprised of ambient casino sounds alone. Implications for casino management are discussed. 相似文献
857.
Dalkhat M. Ediev 《Revue europeenne de demographie》2018,34(3):441-457
This paper aims to improve the accuracy of parametric extrapolations of the death rates into old age by constraining the extrapolation model on presumed life expectancy at old age. Such a task is particularly important in cases where the data quality at old age, in particular the age exaggeration, is not sufficient for reliable mortality estimates. Our tests are based on period data from the Human Mortality Database and the use of the Horiuchi–Coale and Mitra formulas for reducing the bias of life expectancy in the open age interval. We show that extrapolation accuracy is substantially improved when the extrapolation is constrained by either the empirical life expectancy or the Horiuchi–Coale or Mitra estimates. Unconstrained extrapolations and those constrained by conventional life table estimates of life expectancy in the open age interval show substantial biases and should be avoided. Combining extrapolation with life expectancy estimates which are robust to the effects of age exaggeration appears to be a valuable way of improving mortality estimation. 相似文献
858.
In a federal system of government, powers are shared by the national and sub-national units in accordance with the provisions
of the Constitution. However, the process of policy implementation may differ on the basis of allocation of power and the
nature of the system. Canada and the United States of America adopted federal systems of government, and faced similar pressures
for implementing policies on environmental issues. Yet, the degree of success and outcome appear to be different due to variations
in the strength of the respective federalist systems. An analysis of the various aspects of the federal system in the two
countries reveals noticeable differences in institutional configurations, relationship between national and sub-national units,
and variances in intra-institutional relations. All these have contributed to a divergence in the past, but there is an emerging
trend of convergence as both the Canadian and American governments are gradually moving away from their existing patterns
of policy implementation toward a new approach involving private-sector initiatives and self-enforcement with strong inclinations
toward voluntarization, corporatization and marketization. 相似文献
859.
In this paper we investigate differences between the organizational values of ministries and semi-autonomous executive agencies
(quangos) that operate at arms’ length. Quangos are expected to operate more business-like, hence they can be expected to
value profitability and other NPM-related values higher than ministries. Value incongruence between quangos and ministries
is hypothesized to decrease their level of trust. These hypotheses are tested, using combined data from two Dutch surveys
(n = 324). The results confirm the expectations, although different types of quangos have different degrees of value (in)congruence,
which may lead to variations in the quality of the relationship with their parent ministry. 相似文献
860.
This paper examines the effect of country-specific institutional constructs on the relationship between ownership concentration
and performance for firms in the eight Continental European countries of Austria, Belgium, Germany, Spain, France, Italy,
the Netherlands and Portugal. Using data from publicly-traded firms owned by other companies (i.e., blocks), measures of the
quality of investor and creditor protection and the effectiveness of legal institutions are applied. Employing a hierarchical
moderated multiple regression analysis, differential validity is established for the relationship between ownership concentration
and performance as measured by return on shareholders’ funds. This differential effect comes from creditor protection regimes
and is consistent with a relational corporate governance model based on debt finance and concentrated ownership. 相似文献