‘We can play tag with a stick’. Children's knowledge,experiences, feelings and creative thinking during the COVID-19 pandemic

Using a relational approach, we draw on repeated interviews with a group of 30 diverse children from Ontario to share and reflect on their knowledge, experiences and feelings early in the COVID-19 pandemic. Prioritising relational interdependence and relational agency, this paper illustrates our participants' embedded engagements with the pandemic and their contribution to the co-production of knowledge. We emphasise their thoughtful responses to the pandemic; their creative, self-reflexive strategies for managing a difficult time; and their advice to others. We thus prioritise children's viewpoints and emphasise their relational interconnections with others during a time that was marked by social isolation.     

Technology,Human Resources and Turbulent Change in Lucas and Bosch: A Plant Level Study1

This paper studies two companies in a period of turbulent technological change. Based on historical data for the 1980s, it examines the technology and human resource strategies of Lucas Industries PLC and Robert Bosch GmbH both at a group and plant level. It draws two main conclusions: first that stability in company strategy is a key to understanding competitive performance and second that the way in which strategy is transmitted to the individual plant level and diffused into actual working practices is similarly central to effective performance.     

Input-output analysis and management accounting: An application concerned with scrap recycling

This paper outlines the use of an input-output model in the management accounting process for a vertically integrated group of companies. In particular, it emphasises the way in which the ‘through-group’ cost structures may well differ from those of individual members of the group taken in isolation. Some modifications to the basic model are proposed so as to accommodate the recycling of scrap in the context of an engineering group. This provides a means of instantly determining first, the amount of externally supplied scrap, and secondly, an approach to allocating the benefits of scrap recycling to member companies when viewed from a group-wide standpoint.     

The use of economic appraisal in transportation analysis

This paper surveys the use of economic appraisal techniques in the field of transportation. After surveying the history of such approaches, a critical assessment is offered of the most recent contributions to the debate, centering on the 1977 Leitch Report. The limited room for manoeuvre in making local assessments is highlighted: national policy considerations are seen as frequently dominating the local choice. While most of the debate on the ‘inadequacies’ of cost-benefit have focussed on ‘intangible’ items, the author argues for a much closer look at the ‘hard’ data on the value of time-savings and accident costs. Some of the Leitch committee's proposals are found wanting in this respect. In the wider context, a plea is made for the use of common criteria for assessing projects throughout the entire transport sector. Only in this way can misallocation of resources be minimised.     

New Zealand = Māori,New Zealand = Bicultural: Ethnic Group Differences in a National Sample of Māori and Europeans

New Zealand (NZ) Europeans show a unique implicit bicultural effect, with research using the Implicit Association Test consistently showing that they associate Māori (the Indigenous peoples) and their own (dominant/advantaged majority) group as equally representative of the nation. We replicated and extended this NZ = bicultural effect in a small online national sample of Māori and NZ Europeans. The NZ European majority showed a consistent NZ = bicultural effect. Māori, in contrast, showed an automatic ingroup NZ = Māori effect. These results are contrary to predictions derived from Social Identity Theory and System Justification Theory, and instead seem more consistent with a model incorporating the pervasive effects of culture-specific symbols on automatic representations of the national category.     

The categorical generation of organizational inequality: A comparative test of Tilly's durable inequality

This paper develops a theoretical and methodological application of Tilly's [Tilly, C. (1998). Durable inequality. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press] assertions that inequalities are inherently relational and categorical. We focus on the specific proposition that inequalities are exaggerated when categorical social distinctions are mapped onto positional distinctions internal to organizations. Using samples of Australian and U.S. organizations we examine the influence of sex and other status distinctions upon between-class wage inequality. In both countries class inequality is exaggerated when workers are women and managers men. These between-class inequality producing processes are also present for other categorical distinctions available in the data we use (education, permanent vs. temporary worker, dominant vs. marginal linguistic group in Australia, permanent vs. temporary worker and white vs. non-white in the U.S.). In the U.S. the coefficients for relational sex composition are twice as large as in Australia, suggesting historical–institutional differences between the countries enables gender to exert a stronger influence on between-class inequality in the U.S. We further examine the institutional differences in these categorical bases for inequality by examining the extent to which they vary within the two countries as a function of two historically relevant institutional distinctions in wage setting regimes—formalization in the U.S. and centralized wage awards in Australia. As expected these institutional differences shape the extent and type of between-class wage inequality. We conclude that researchers should move methodologically towards observing relations within organizations to reflect the theoretical advances of the past two decades.     

Neighborhood Effects in Temporal Perspective

Theory suggests that neighborhood effects depend not only on where individuals live today, but also on where they lived in the past. Previous research, however, usually measured neighborhood context only once and did not account for length of residence, thereby understating the detrimental effects of long-term neighborhood disadvantage. This study investigates the effects of duration of exposure to disadvantaged neighborhoods on high school graduation. It follows 4,154 children in the PSID, measuring neighborhood context once per year from age 1 to 17. The analysis overcomes the problem of dynamic neighborhood selection by adapting novel methods of causal inference for time-varying treatments. In contrast to previous analyses, these methods do not "control away" the effect of neighborhood context operating indirectly through time-varying characteristics of the family, and thus they capture the full impact of a lifetime of neighborhood disadvantage. We find that sustained exposure to disadvantaged neighborhoods has a severe impact on high school graduation that is considerably larger than effects reported in prior research. Growing up in the most (compared to the least) disadvantaged quintile of neighborhoods is estimated to reduce the probability of graduation from 96% to 76% for black children, and from 95% to 87% for nonblack children.     

农民组织化的理论依据

提高农民组织化程度是发展市场农业的重要条件,我国由于农民组织化发育程度滞后,所以极大地制约了市场农业的发展,迫切需要研究农民组织化问题。为了有效地研究农民组织化问题,本文探讨了国内外农民组织化普遍存在的客观依据,即分工协作理论、制度变迁理论、厂商竞争理论、合作化理论和规模经济理论。     

Recent developments in ‘children's rights’: liberation for whom?

This article reviews some developments in'children's rights' in the 1980s and 1990s. It explores the notion of'children's rights' itself and considers how far an emphasis on children's rights is reflected in different areas of recent government policy relating to children in four different respects. First, the significance of the Children Act 1989 for children's rights is examined. Secondly, there are a number of other areas of policy which may be seen to reinforce childrens's rights. These include changes in the treatment of child witnesses and the gradual prohibition of physical punishment. Thirdly, the Child Support Act 1991 is considered - here, in contrast to other policies, children's rights barely figure at all. Fourthly, the article notes how government policies have tended to exacerbate child poverty, which is also in conflict with children's rights. The article then discusses the ambiguous direction of government policy in relation to children's rights. Two different themes are identified: first, greater autonomy for the child plus protection of child welfare; and secondly, liberation for the state from responsibility for children.