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Salamon Lester M. Anheier Helmut K. 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》1998,9(3):213-248
Recent research has usefully documented the contribution that nonprofit organizations make to social capital and to the economic and political development it seems to foster. Because of a gross lack of basic comparative data, however, the question of what it is that allows such organizations to develop remains far from settled. This article seeks to remedy this by testing five existing theories of the nonprofit sector against data assembled on eight countries as part of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project. The five theories are: (a) government failure/market failure theory; (b) supply-side theory; (c) trust theories; (d) welfare state theory; and (e) interdependence theory. The article finds none of these theories adequate to explain the variations among countries in either the size, the composition, or the financing of the nonprofit sector. On this basis it suggests a new theoretical approach to explaining patterns of nonprofit development among countries—the social origins approach—which focuses on broader social, political, and economic relationships. Using this theory, the article identifies four routes of third-sector development (the liberal, the social democratic, the corporatist, and the statist), each associated with a particular constellation of class relationships and pattern of state-society relations. The article then tests this theory against the eight-country data and finds that it helps make sense of anomalies left unexplained by the prevailing theories. 相似文献
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Order-picking in deep cold--physiological responses of younger and older females. Part 1: heart rate
The sales figures of chilled and frozen food have been rising steadily over the years. Naturally, this has also led to an increase in the number of jobs related to these goods. While these workplaces are becoming more and more important there are, nevertheless, only a few investigations into the effects of working in deep cold on humans. Order-picking in a cold environment represents a high workload. Especially working at -24°C with wearing heavy cold protective clothing leads to explicitly higher strain. Since performance decreases with age, varying physical strain between younger and older employees can hypothetically be expected. In order to quantify the physiological responses to working in the cold, 15 subjects of two female age groups, each, (20- to 35-year-olds and 40- to 65-year-olds) were asked to carry out whole working day tasks in a chill room (+3°) and in a cold store (-24°C). Simultaneously, heart rate and other physiological relevant parameters were measured. 相似文献
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The relationship between interpersonal trust and membership in voluntary associations is a persistent research finding in sociology. What is more, the notion of trust has become a central issue in current social science theorizing covering such diverse approaches as transaction costs economics or cognitive sociology. In different ways and for different purposes, these approaches address the role of voluntary organizations, although, as this paper argues, much of this thinking remains sketchy and underdeveloped. Against an empirical portrait of this relationship, the purpose of this paper is to assess such theorizing. We first set out to explicate major approaches to trust in economics, sociology and political science, using the non-profit or voluntary organization as a focal point. We then examine the various approaches in terms of their strengths and weaknesses, and, finally, identify key areas for theoretical development. In particular, we point to the social movement literature, the social psychology of trust, and recent thinking about civil society. 相似文献
47.
This paper relates changes in aggregate population, affluence (measured as GDP), and indicators for environmental pressures, the latter being based upon the socioeconomic metabolism concept, for Austria from 1830 to 1995. During this period of time Austria underwent a transition from a predominantly agricultural mode of substistence to an industrial economy. The Austrian population increased by a factor of 2.3, total GDP by a factor of 28.2 and per capita GDP by a factor of 12.2. Environmental indicators change by factors of between 0.85 and over 1000. In general we find that although efficiencies (environmental pressure per unit of GDP) increased dramatically, total environmental pressures increased considerably for most indicators, except for those that are related to an agricultural mode of subsistence. Our results indicate that environmental policies that aim to reduce the environmental pressure per unit of GDP (i.e., increase ecological efficiency) are not likely to be sufficient for sustainable development because efficiency gains are more than compensated for by increases in affluence. Instead, sustainability policy should focus on reducing total environmental pressures. 相似文献
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Helmut Rieder Matthias Kohl Peter Ruckdeschel 《Statistical Methods and Applications》2008,17(1):13-40
Robust Statistics considers the quality of statistical decisions in the presence of deviations from the ideal model, where
deviations are modelled by neighborhoods of a certain size about the ideal model. We introduce a new concept of optimality
(radius-minimaxity) if this size or radius is not precisely known: for this notion, we determine the increase of the maximum
risk over the minimax risk in the case that the optimally robust estimator for the false neighborhood radius is used. The
maximum increase of the relative risk is minimized in the case that the radius is known only to belong to some interval [r
l
,r
u
]. We pursue this minmax approach for a number of ideal models and a variety of neighborhoods. Also, the effect of increasing
parameter dimension is studied for these models. The minimax increase of relative risk in case the radius is completely unknown,
compared with that of the most robust procedure, is 18.1% versus 57.1% and 50.5% versus 172.1% for one-dimensional location
and scale, respectively, and less than 1/3 in other typical contamination models. In most models considered so far, the radius
needs to be specified only up to a factor , in order to keep the increase of relative risk below 12.5%, provided that the radius–minimax robust estimator is employed.
The least favorable radii leading to the radius–minimax estimators turn out small: 5–6% contamination, at sample size 100.
相似文献
50.
Helmut Herwartz 《AStA Advances in Statistical Analysis》2011,95(2):147-168
This paper describes the performance of specific-to-general composition of forecasting models that accord with (approximate)
linear autoregressions. Monte Carlo experiments are complemented with ex-ante forecasting results for 97 macroeconomic time
series collected for the G7 economies in Stock and Watson (J. Forecast. 23:405–430, 2004). In small samples, the specific-to-general strategy is superior in terms of ex-ante forecasting performance in comparison
with a commonly applied strategy of successive model reduction according to weakest parameter significance. Applied to real
data, the specific-to-general approach turns out to be preferable. In comparison with successive model reduction, the successive
model expansion is less likely to involve overly large losses in forecast accuracy and is particularly recommended if the
diagnosed prediction schemes are characterized by a medium to large number of predictors. 相似文献