现代性的自我确证: 黑格尔 “ 市民社会” 理论之奥义

在《法哲学原理》中，黑格尔提出了一个与国家相分离的“市民社会”概念，这是一个伟大的概念创制，在此基础上，我们才能达到对现代性的自我确证：现代性的进步性及其危机。市民社会的出现是现代社会的一个典型标志，它的两端即个人自我利益的特殊性和“需要-劳动”体系的普遍性互相交织，首先体现为伦理的丧失，但在其演化中又能回复伦理性。理论教化和实践教化、司法的普遍性公正、同业公会作为有限的具体普遍性对贫困和贱民问题的纾解，都在逐渐回复现代社会的伦理性。只有从这个角度，我们才能真正挖掘黑格尔市民社会理论的深奥意蕴。黑格尔的市民社会理论既揭示了市民社会的历史进步意义，把它描述为一个具有无穷可塑性又不断实现人们的现代自由的场所，又直面现代性的内在弊端，还指出只要生活于市民社会中，其弊端和困境就会始终存在，但是现代国家必须为消除弊端作出努力，而不能放任和漠视。     

制度化表达与治理效能转化：中国特色解决民族问题的制度逻辑

中国特色解决民族问题的制度逻辑，指涉理论内核、制度优势、制度效能转化的实现范式。其中坚持各民族一律平等、保证民族自治地方依法行使自治权、发展社会主义民族关系，是解决民族问题制度化表达的基本原则、法治前提和重要内容；民族区域自治制度的优势形塑联合行动的持续过程，其制度安排下的“善治”，具有保障各民族一律平等、铸牢中华民族共同体意识、实现各民族团结奋斗繁荣发展的制度优势；打牢中华民族共同体思想基础、加强各民族交往交流交融、不断满足人们对美好生活的追求，则构成了把制度优势转化为国家治理效能的前提、关键和归宿。     

Should the two-trial paradigm still be the gold standard in drug assessment?

Two significant pivotal trials are usually required for a new drug approval by a regulatory agency. This standard requirement is known as the two-trial paradigm. However, several authors have questioned why we need exactly two pivotal trials, what statistical error the regulators are trying to protect against, and potential alternative approaches. Therefore, it is important to investigate these questions to better understand the regulatory decision-making in the assessment of drugs' effectiveness. It is common that two identically designed trials are run solely to adhere to the two-trial rule. Previous work showed that combining the data from the two trials into a single trial (one-trial paradigm) would increase the power while ensuring the same level of type I error protection as the two-trial paradigm. However, this is true only under a specific scenario and there is little investigation on the type I error protection over the whole null region. In this article, we compare the two paradigms by considering scenarios in which the two trials are conducted in identical or different populations as well as with equal or unequal size. With identical populations, the results show that a single trial provides better type I error protection and higher power. Conversely, with different populations, although the one-trial rule is more powerful in some cases, it does not always protect against the type I error. Hence, there is the need for appropriate flexibility around the two-trial paradigm and the appropriate approach should be chosen based on the questions we are interested in.     

Making sense of the parenting ‘soft/hard split’

This paper explores the common parenting style tension around nurture versus limit-setting often evident when working with families with a symptomatic child. Firstly it will delve into the parenting ‘soft/hard split’ with an overview of the literature on parenting styles. Next, it summarises the appearance of this phenomenon in the family therapy literature during its formative days, noting how Bowen, Minuchin, Haley, MRI (Bateson), and the Milan associates respond to this parent presentation in their approaches. Next, the paper outlines recent iterations of these family therapy interventions. An expanded discussion follows on Bowen theory's understanding of the parenting tension triangle. The article then outlines elements of the author's qualitative research study of parents' experience of adolescents' mental health treatment where the ‘soft/hard split’ emerged as a repeating theme. Finally, a clinical intervention based on Bowen theory, the Parent Hope Project, is outlined for how it addresses the parenting ‘soft/hard split.’ The goal is to contribute to understanding this phenomenon and its implications for clinical practice.     

中非命运共同体视角下非洲大陆自由贸易区初期建设研究

非洲大陆自由贸易区是非洲国家寻求可持续发展、实现独立自主的有益尝试。作为目前全球规模最大的区域合作协定,自贸区协定自开始谈判到正式生效仅用时三年,快速启动但推进缓慢,建设初期即举步维艰。有别于现有研究从宏观上分析自贸区对中非合作的作用,文章着重剖析了自贸区建设初期阻碍各方达成共识的内外部深层次原因,重点识别了在推动区域内一体化进程中自贸区面临的挑战。考察分析了新时期我国应如何从自贸区建设的关键问题中发现机遇,共同推动自贸区与"一带一路"倡议深度对接,致力于参与中非人类命运共同体建设。研究发现,由于非洲各国领导人政治意愿不坚定、非洲各国经济结构性障碍以及长期存在庞大的建设资金缺口,自贸区在建设初期进程远远滞后于预期。停滞不前的自贸区建设进程暴露出非盟内部存在已久的难以调和的矛盾与撕裂。多年来,中非合作建立了牢固稳定的建设机制,取得了丰硕且具有互补性的经贸成果,世界格局大变革也为中国与非洲自贸区深入合作提供了新机遇。坚实的合作基础、百年未有之大变局成为了中国与自贸区合作的重要依据。新时期,中国取得了历史性成就,体现在对历史发展的主动性把握。非洲作为中国外交的重要支点,中国与自贸区的合作应立足中非合作的现实基础,抓住历史机遇,努力实现中非更高水平政治互信,引领中国与自贸区迈向务实合作。中国应主动参与自贸区的框架与机制构建,建立与自贸区的长效联络机制,持续关注和支持自贸区相关法规的制定和实施;同时采取多维度且灵活的关税制度,拓展合作的广度与深度,推动产业调整和升级;依托技术变革,以企业为抓手,拓展中非合作新领域;持续防范风险,借鉴经验,以基础设施建设为抓手,实现可持续发展。为非洲实现真正的独立自主、自立自强提供有力支撑,为非洲实现粮食安全、造血脱贫提供中国方案。最终实现非洲经济一体化和中非协同发展,服务于建设中非人类命运共同体。     

Leading beyond regulatory approval: Opportunities for statisticians to optimize evidence generation and impact clinical practice

The role and value of statistical contributions in drug development up to the point of health authority approval are well understood. But health authority approval is only a true ‘win’ if the evidence enables access and adoption into clinical practice. In today's complex and evolving healthcare environment, there is additional strategic evidence generation, communication, and decision support that can benefit from statistical contributions. In this article, we describe the history of medical affairs in the context of drug development, the factors driving post-approval evidence generation needs, and the opportunities for statisticians to optimize evidence generation for stakeholders beyond health authorities in order to ensure that new medicines reach appropriate patients.     

Connection,connectivity and choice: Learning during COVID-19 restrictions across mainstream schools and Flexible Learning Programmes in Australia

The COVID-19 pandemic and associated school closures may have constrained educational participation particularly for students in disadvantaged circumstances. We explore how 30 disadvantaged students in secondary school (14 mainstream/16 Flexible Learning Programme) from Queensland, New South Wales and Tasmania experienced home learning during the first wave of COVID-19, teasing out nuances across two educational models. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with these students, our analysis revealed three interconnected themes inflecting their learning: connection, connectivity and choice. Connection captures the desire for belonging and practices that facilitated meeting this desire during system-wide disruptions to school routines and face-to-face learning. Connectivity captures the impact of digitally facilitated learning at home on students' ability to engage with curriculum content and with their learning community. Choice captures the availability of viable options to overcome barriers students encountered in their learning and possibilities to flexibly accommodate student preferences and learning needs. Students from Flexible Learning Programmes appeared generally better supported to exercise agency within the scope of their lived experience of home-based learning. Findings indicate a need for strengthening student-centred policy and practices aimed at leveraging the affordances of information technology, balancing self-directed and structured learning and providing holistic support to enable meaningful student choice.