调节的正义和分配的正义

人们批评罗尔斯(Rawls)的正义论,说它要求把诸如收入和财富这样的基本生活要素纳入分配过程,从而使最少受惠者的利益得到最大的改善,就是说,它不管是否“每个人造出适合自己睡的床”。①正如德沃京(Dwokin)所指出的那样,正是这种理论,依据基本生活品的公平分配,才是“有同情心的企图而冷漠的馈赠”。本文认为,“幸运的平等主义者们”——正如安德森(ElizabethAnderson)猛烈攻击的那样——他们忽略了罗尔斯理论的两个基本特征:在分配正义中根据“纯粹程序正义”所起的作用;调节的正义和分配的正义之间的区别。当人们考虑这些特征时,罗尔斯的理论比“幸运的平等主义”看起来更为合理。     

Managing professional identity within a changing market environment: New Zealand optometrists’ responses to the growth of corporate optometry

ABSTRACT

This research investigated the effects of changes in the market environment for optometry services and products on the professional identity of New Zealand optometrists. It explored three issues. First, ways participants’ location within either the independent or corporate sectors shaped their professional identities. Second, ways potential ethical conflicts between participants’ healthcare and retailing identities were resolved. Last, participants’ opinions concerning the future of their profession. Twelve male and fourteen female optometrists were interviewed. Nineteen participants worked within independent optometry practices. Seven worked within practices that were part of international optometry chains. Six participants were recent graduates, the rest experienced optometrists. All participants identified primarily as healthcare professionals. All recognised that practising optometry within a commercial market created the possibility of ethical conflicts between healthcare and business imperatives. There were differences in the ways participants managed this boundary, with participants working within corporate optometry seeming more comfortable with the business aspects of their profession. All participants thought the profession was changing and several suggested that the future of independent optometry was limited. The article concludes that recent changes within the market environment of optometry have heightened tensions between optometrists’ medical and entrepreneurial identities and contributed to changing work patterns within the profession.     

Explicit Verbal Sexual Consent Communication: Effects of Gender,Relationship Status,and Type of Sexual Behavior

Objectives: College students believe that they are supposed to be explicit and verbal in their sexual consent communication. We examined various contexts to determine when sexual consent is likely to be communicated explicitly and verbally. Method: We surveyed U.S. college students’ (n?=?707) sexual consent communication. Results: We identified contexts when explicit verbal consent cues are less likely—when the person is a woman, when the sexual relationship is casual, and when the sexual behavior is not vaginal-penile intercourse. Conclusions: If sexual consent is contextual, that means communicating consent should not ever be taken for granted.     

Interlitter Response Variability in a Threshold Dose-Response Model

In this article, we extend a previously formulated threshold dose-response model with random litter effects that was applied to a data set from a developmental toxicity study. The dose-response pattern of the data indicates that a threshold dose level may exist. Additionally, there is noticeable variation between the responses across the dose levels. With threshold estimation being critical, the assumed variability structure should adequately model the variation while not taking away from the estimation of the threshold as well as the other parameters directly involved in the dose-response relationship. In the prior formulation, the random effect was modeled assuming identical variation in the interlitter response probabilities across all dose levels, that is, the model had a single parameter to account for the interlitter variability. In this new model, the random effect is modeled as having different response variability across dose levels, that is, multiple interlitter variability parameters. We performed the likelihood ratio test (LRT) to compare our extended model to the previous model. We conducted a simulation study to compare the bias of each model when fit to data generated with the underlying parametric structure of the opposing model. The extended threshold dose-response model with multiple response variation was less biased.     

The legal status of collective bargaining by public school teachers

This paper examines the characteristics of area populations that predict the content of bargaining legislation for public school teachers. The authors provide evidence suggesting that 1) pro-bargaining legislation is correlated with the representation of union members and related workers who benefit from collective bargaining, and 2) the legislation appears to be demanded by career workers as a means of transferring resources away from teachers with relatively short career horizons. An N-chotomous probit model is used to estimate the form of legislation that ranges from bargaining prohibition to prescribed bargaining. Data for the study were obtained from 95 SMSAs in 35 states. We are indebted to Paul H. Rubin and Elchanon Cohn for their substantial contributions to this project. We also received helpful suggestions from Chris Paul and R. Carter Hill.     

Sex Stratification and Male Biography: From Deprivation to Ascendance*

This essay examines some of the implications of early childhood confinement to the household for the development of male character structure. The argument developed is that assignment to women and the household makes small boys outsiders, who receive less comprehensible and positive forms of socialization than small girls. This deprivation experience contributes to the competitiveness and assertiveness of the male response to more favored treatment during the school years, leading to their eventual ascendance, in contrast females greater centrallty and more supportive treatment in early childhood may contribute to "passive" acceptance of male ascendance.