Women's work: the role of grandparents in inter-generational transfers1

This article surveys the role of grandparents in providing a continuing level of material support in 61 households with dependent children in an inner city area. It concludes that assistance is structured by gender, income level, household financial organisation, residential proximity, need and ideology. In terms of the provision of continuing support to households with young children, grandparents are important but grandmothers give more assistance than grandfathers and they direct it where it is most needed. It is important for grandmothers to have access to paid work. The ideology of assistance is differentiated by class. In professional families the married couple is the unit of transfer but for working class families the solidarity of female relatives, in particular, of daughters and mothers and mothers-in-law, is more important.     

Metropolitan and nonmetropolitan migration streams: 1935–1980

Results based on an analysis of migration streams involving the metropolitan and nonmetropolitan sectors and covering a longer time interval than previously possible indicate that efforts to describe changes in the volume of movements connecting these sectors could benefit from greater attention to other related streams as well as existing patterns of population concentration. The metropolitanization process continues but is now being affected substantially by regional redistribution trends. Regional differentials in the size of metropolitan and nonmetropolitan migration streams are declining but are still substantial, so an equilibrium balance between the metropolitan and nonmetropolitan sectors will probably not occur in the immediate future.     

Organizational health, culture and helping

It is one of the beautiful compensations of this life that no one can sincerely try to help another without helping himself.

Charles Dudley Warner, English novelist; Backlog Studies (1873)     

A mathematical model of Churchmanian inquiring systems with special reference to Popper's measures for ‘The Severity of Tests’

Through the use of Bayesian probability theory and Communication theory, a formal mathematical model of a Churchmanian Dialectical Inquirer is developed. The Dialectical Inquirer is based on Professor C. West Churchman's novel interpretation and application of Hegelian dialectics to decision theory. The result is not only the empirical application of dialectical inquiry but also its empirical (i.e., scientific) investigation. The Dialectical Inquirer is seen as especially suited to problems in strategic policy formation and in decision theory. Finally, specific application of the inquirer is made to Popper's notions for The Test of Severity of a scientific theory.While the authors wish to acknowledge Professor C. West Churchman's kind assistance in the preparation of this paper through the many hours of conversations with him, the authors do not wish to imply that the ideas contained in this paper are necessarily those of Professor Churchman's. This paper represents what Churchman's ideas mean to the authors, not what they necessarily mean to Churchman.     

Masculinity and male dominance

The problems with established sociological and socio-psychological conceptions of masculinity are discussed, and it is argued that object-relations theory can provide a clearer understanding of masculinity. An ideal type of the development of masculinity is built up in contrast to similar ideal types of human development and the development of femininity as portrayed by recent feminist writers. The status of the ideal type is then discussed, drawing out its implications for the relationship between psychoanalysis and sociological analysis, and for the nature of social change.     

Athletic status and drinking behavior in college students: the influence of gender and coping styles

College students' alcohol use as well documented, and published studies have indicated that athletes drink more frequently and more often to the stage of intoxication than do nonathletes. Some researchers have cited sociological factors to explain these behaviors, but neither the underlying emotional factors that drive students' alcohol use nor the interaction of gender and athletic status have been examined. The authors' twofold purpose in conducting this study was (1) to examine the influence of the interaction of gender and athletic status on the drinking behaviors of college students, and (2) to examine whether differences in male and female athletes' and nonathletes' coping styles influenced their drinking behaviors.     

Evaluation of the Alumni Program. A shared-care model for psychosis

This article describes the results of a prospective, naturalistic evaluation of the Alumni Program, conducted by the Psychotic Disorders Clinic at the McMaster Site of Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The Alumni Program is a form of continuing psychiatric support offered to individuals with psychosis. The program involves providing shared care by both the specialist psychiatric team and the family practitioner. This model has been in operation for more than 8 years. The clinical data have been reviewed to determine whether the program is beneficial in supporting clients with their health maintenance goals, thus reducing occurrences of relapse, hospital readmission, and crisis or emergency room visits. The results appear favorable and affirm the Alumni Program is one viable method of follow up within a comprehensive range of psychiatric services.     

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