Dynamic programming for spatial allocation of advertising expenditure

The paper deals with optimal allocation of a given amount of advertising expenditure among various sales districts. It applies dynamic programming to arrive at the optimal policy regarding such allocation. The basic model is that of Zentler and Ryde which heretofore has been solved using a graphical method. The optimal solution is illustrated with an example.     

Rural development and women: what are the best approaches to communicating information?

The project reported in this article aimed to discover how well the needs of women were being met with respect to rural development and to identify the best approaches to communicating information to farmers in Tanzania. Semi-structured interviews of male and female respondents in selected 200 households in Shinyanga, northwestern Tanzania, were conducted. The interviews were conducted in order to record data on gender differences in farming and herding with the aim of determining how to communicate information on development. Findings showed that women continued to be the poorest group in the community. Use of introduced technology was mostly associated with men's work. The activities of Hifadhi Ardhi Shinyanga conducted through communication channels were also more accessible to men than women. The improved stoves specifically aimed at women also failed because of ineffective communication strategies. It is difficult to approach women because they tend to be tied far more closely to the area of their homes. Thus, training through village workshops would encourage the active participation of women. This would enable information to be shared with, and between, as many women as possible.     

A methodological strategy for a one-number census in the UK

As a result of lessons learnt from the 1991 census, a research programme was set up to seek improvements in census methodology. Underenumeration has been placed top of the agenda in this programme, and every effort is being made to achieve as high a coverage as possible in the 2001 census. In recognition, however, that 100% coverage will never be achieved, the one-number census (ONC) project was established to measure the degree of underenumeration in the 2001 census and, if possible, to adjust fully the outputs from the census for that undercount. A key component of this adjustment process is a census coverage survey (CCS). This paper presents an overview of the ONC project, focusing on the design and analysis methodology for the CCS. It also presents results that allow the reader to evaluate the robustness of this methodology.     

Technology transfer concerns of college graduates with disabilities: Profiles in transition from higher education to competitive careers

The article describes the technology transfer concerns reported by a small sample (N=14) of recent college graduates with disabilities. In structured, in-depth interviews, researchers asked respondents to reflect on the extent to which they had utilized technology resources during their college years in preparation for the world of work. Results suggest that colleges and universities need to play a more active role in introducing students with disabilities to both generalized and assistive technology services.     

抗病苹果品种在M.26、M.27和Mark砧木上的生长和结果习性

对以M .2 7EMLA、M .2 6EMLA和Mark为砧的Liberty、NY7541 4— 1、NY74 82 8— 1 2、NY6570 7— 1 9和McShay等苹果品种的生长、早熟性、产量和果实大小等项目进行的研究表明 ,Liberty、McShay、NY74 82 8— 1 2的树体大于NY7541 4— 1、NY6570 7— 1 9的树体最小。就砧木而言 ,以Mark为砧的苹果品种树体大于以M .2 6为砧的 ,以M .2 7为砧的树体最小。本文中的品种和砧木对树体的生长的影响没有交互作用。NY74 82 8— 1 2在定植后第 3、4年花量最大 ,NY6570 7— 1 9的最少。 1 993年时以Mark为砧的树花量比以M .2 6的为最多 ,以M .2 7为砧的开花量最少。Liberty、NY7541 4— 1和NY74 82 8— 1 2的累计产量比McShay和NY6570 7— 1 9的高。以Mark为砧的树累计产量多于以M .2 6为砧的 ,以M .2 7为砧的品种产量最低。NY6570 7— 1 9果形最大 ,NY74 82 8— 1 2的最小。以M .2 7为砧的树所结果实比以M .2 6和Mark为砧的小。NY7541 4— 1的树势中庸 ,早熟 ,高产 ,产量效率高 ,果实大小适度。NY74 82 8— 1 2在本试验中的表现也较好 ,但它对苹果黑星病只具Vm抗性而不具Vf抗性 ,故不可能作为新品种定名。在这些抗病品种中 ,根据早熟性、树势、产量和果形大小来看 ,Liberty和NY7541 4— 1具最佳的商品生产潜力。以     

Boredom and social meaning

Meaning is necessary in social processes. An absence of meaning in an activity or circumstance leads to an experience of boredom. This is a restless, irritable feeling that the subject's current activity or situation holds no appeal, and that there is a need to get on with something interesting. Thus boredom emotionally registers an absence of meaning and leads the actor in question towards meaning. Boredom, then, is central to key social processes centered on questions of meaningfulness. Given the pervasive preconditions for boredom, release from boredom is a factor that explains characteristic social practices, including risk taking and intergroup conflict.     

Governing police practice: limits of the new accountability

The advent of public-sector managerialism has brought with it a new principle of police accountability in Western democracies such as Australia and Britain. The new accountability gives emphasis to managerial rather than legal or public-interest standards, favours external oversight combined with self-regulation rather than centralized control, and promotes risk management rather than rule enforcement. This article makes use of the experience of an Australian police force to show that the new accountability has not been successful in holding police accountable, while elements of the old accountability have re-emerged to dominate public debates. It is argued that in the area of police governance, the neo-liberal state does not necessarily pursue a coherent strategy of 'acting at a distance' (cf. Miller and Rose 1990), partly because of the inability of accountability technologies to deliver substantially the promised policy outcomes and partly because of the sensitivity of its political arm to the public's moral outrage against corruption (cf. Garland 1996).     

The Steiner Tree Problem in Kalmanson Matrices and in Circulant Matrices

We investigate the computational complexity of two special cases of the Steiner tree problem where the distance matrix is a Kalmanson matrix or a circulant matrix, respectively. For Kalmanson matrices we develop an efficient polynomial time algorithm that is based on dynamic programming. For circulant matrices we give an -hardness proof and thus establish computational intractability.     

Commitment to care: managed care and child incarceration

Downsizing and managed care in the 1990s followed the psychiatric hospital scandals and closures of the 1980s. Many families are now unable to provide care for their troubled children. Childhood emotional or behavioral disorders have rapidly spread beyond the confines of the home into a community that has adopted a "zero tolerance" for crime. Intolerance for childhood criminal behavior has resulted in an explosion of children's prisons where, in the name of rehabilitation, many are finally receiving psychological help. This article discusses the decreased treatment of childhood psychiatric disorders and the increased admissions to children's prison facilities.