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891.
Dipl.-Kfm. Martin Jacob 《Zeitschrift für Betriebswirtschaft》2009,79(5):579-607
This paper analyses for various corporate tax systems whether the capital gains tax distorts investment decisions and how tax effects could eventually be neutralized. In case of the disposal of shares between private investors the capital gains tax, the corporate tax and the income tax on dividends induce a triple taxation. On the contrary, distributing cash via share repurchases instead of paying out dividends can lower the tax burden in a classical corporate tax system and a shareholder relief system respectively. These findings necessitate the differentiation between share repurchases and other realizations of stocks in order to establish a neutral capital gains tax. While the capital gains taxation on transactions between private investors has to be reduced, the taxation of share repurchases must be matched with the respective dividend taxation. 相似文献
892.
Joanne Allen Lisa M. Brown Fiona M. Alpass Christine V. Stephens 《Journal of gerontological social work》2018,61(7):701-718
ABSTRACTPre-existing longitudinal studies of people affected by disasters provide opportunities to examine the effects of these events on health. Data used in the current investigation were provided by participants in the New Zealand Health, Work and Retirement longitudinal surveys conducted in 2010, 2012 and 2014 (n = 428; aged 50–83), who lived in the Canterbury region of New Zealand during the 2010–2011 earthquakes. Latent profile growth analyses were used to identify groups of respondents who had similar pre–post-disaster physical and mental health profiles. These groups were compared in terms of demographic factors, personal impact of the earthquakes assessed in 2012 and the overall negative–positive impact of the earthquake assessed in 2014. There was little evidence of change in health status overtime. Groups did not differ in their experiences of threat or disruption, however those in poorest health reported greatest distress and a more negative overall impact of the earthquake. Although results suggest little impact of disasters on health of surviving older adults, pre-disaster vulnerabilities were associated with distress. Social workers and agencies responsible for disaster response can play a key role in pre-disaster planning and assessment of vulnerabilities of older adults to enhance potential for positive outcomes post-disaster. 相似文献
893.
894.
作为公共行政的主要基石,"政治行政两分"源于欧洲,威尔逊和古德诺对此进行过详细阐释.它可被理解为政策制定和政策执行两种活动,也可被理解为政治家和行政人员两类人,还可被理解为目标和手段.今天的行政环境迥异于威尔逊时期,通过对行政进行程序上的约束或者引入公众的控制和监督,都是现代社会对两分法的修补.两分法在美国的典型应用是布郎洛委员会和议会经理制."政治行政两分"有助于人们更好地理解政府的运转,没有它,许多理论的发展是不可能的. 相似文献
895.
The authors derive closed‐form expressions for the full, profile, conditional and modified profile likelihood functions for a class of random growth parameter models they develop as well as Garcia's additive model. These expressions facilitate the determination of parameter estimates for both types of models. The profile, conditional and modified profile likelihood functions are maximized over few parameters to yield a complete set of parameter estimates. In the development of their random growth parameter models the authors specify the drift and diffusion coefficients of the growth parameter process in a natural way which gives interpretive meaning to these coefficients while yielding highly tractable models. They fit several of their random growth parameter models and Garcia's additive model to stock market data, and discuss the results. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 38: 474–487; 2010 © 2010 Statistical Society of Canada 相似文献
896.
897.
With exponential growth in the Latino population over the past decade, both social scientists and politicians have directed
their attention toward understanding Latino behavior(s) ranging from purchasing power and marketing to voting. Less is known,
however, about the extent to which Latino population growth might be associated with patterns of criminal justice or violent
criminal outcomes. One objective of this research is to provide a contemporary overview of the Latino experiences with the
criminal justice system by highlighting racial/ethnic disparities in incarceration and sentencing. Using racial-/ethnic-specific
homicide victimization data provided by the Centers for Disease Control, we also examine the impact of Latino concentration
on levels of group-specific homicide, both regionally and nationally. Results from our negative binomial multivariate analyses
indicate that the concentration of Latinos tends to be associated with lower levels of homicide victimization, a finding that
holds across racial/ethnic groups and geographic specification. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of these
findings with an eye toward future research in this area. 相似文献
898.
Recent studies of old-age mortality trends assess whether longevity improvements over time are linked to increasing compression of mortality at advanced ages. The historical backdrop of these studies is the long-term improvement in a population's socioeconomic resources that fueled longevity gains. We extend this line of inquiry by examining whether socioeconomic differences in longevity within a population are accompanied by old-age mortality compression. Specifically, we document educational differences in longevity and mortality compression for older men and women in the United States. Drawing on the fundamental cause of disease framework, we hypothesize that both longevity and compression increase with higher levels of education and that women with the highest levels of education will exhibit the greatest degree of longevity and compression. Results based on the Health and Retirement Study and the National Health Interview Survey Linked Mortality File confirm a strong educational gradient in both longevity and mortality compression. We also find that mortality is more compressed within educational groups among women than men. The results suggest that educational attainment in the United States maximizes life chances by delaying the biological aging process. 相似文献
899.
Allport's Legacy and the Situational Press of Stereotypes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This article focuses on two aspects of Allport's (1954) investigation of the psychology of being a target of prejudice. Whereas most researchers in this area view Allport as an expectancy theorist, we revisit another aspect of Allport's theory: the situational threat posed by negative stereotypes. First, we examine this issue, as it applies to the academic underachievement of negatively stereotyped groups, by contrasting the situational threat posed by stereotypes with traditional and current expectancy-oriented conceptions. Second, we show that stereotypes do not appear to affect self-expectations; instead, they appear to foster a climate of mistrust that results in depressed performance. Finally, we discuss how interventions that ameliorate the climate of mistrust, such as the presence of educators who are competent minority group members, tend to raise levels of performance. 相似文献
900.
The generalized likelihood plays an important role in parametric inference for prediction and empirical Bayesian models. This paper emphasizes the utility of the generalized likelihood as a summarization procedure in general prediction models. Properties of the generalized likelihood when used in this setting, and examples of its use as a data analytic tool are given in a series of numerical examples. 相似文献