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971.
Using archival data for a sample of U.S. presidents, evidence was found for a honeymoon and hangover effect in approval ratings over time. That is, presidential approval tended to be high early in the president's term and decrease over time. The effect of time on approval persisted even when military and economic indicators were included as predictors of presidential approval. More importantly, the effect of time on approval was moderated by charisma, such that charismatic leaders better maintained their approval rating over time. We take this as evidence that the honeymoon/hangover effect on presidential approval is substantively meaningful from a psychological perspective. 相似文献
972.
Caio F Miguel Anna Ingeborg Petursdottir James E Carr 《The Analysis of verbal behavior》2005,21(1):27-41
The purpose of this study was to determine whether multiple-tact training and receptive-discrimination training could be used to teach thematically related vocal intraverbals to typically developing preschool children. Multiple-tact training involved teaching a child to name both the item and the category to which the item belonged. Receptive-discrimination training consisted of teaching a child to select a picture card in the presence of a question from the experimenter regarding the item or its category. When neither of these strategies resulted in substantial increases in intraverbal responses, a typical intraverbal training protocol using tact prompts was implemented. Six typically developing children participated in the study. A multiple-baseline design across word categories was used to evaluate the effects of the three training procedures. Results indicated that both multiple-tact and receptive-discrimination training had minimal effects on the strength of the intraverbal repertoire, whereas direct intraverbal training had a more substantial effect. The results provide some evidence of the functional independence of verbal operants, as well as the independence of listener and speaker repertoires. Receptive-discrimination and multiple-tact training may have facilitated acquisition of intraverbals; however, further research is needed to assess how these repertoires might interact with each other. 相似文献
973.
Security of Attachment as a Predictor of Symbolic and Mentalising Abilities: A Longitudinal Study 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
Elizabeth Meins Charles Fernyhough James Russell & David Clark-Carter 《Social Development》1998,7(1):1-24
The development of symbolic and mentalising abilities was examined in 33 children whose security of attachment had been assessed in infancy. It was found that securely attached children: (i) were better able to incorporate an experimenter's play suggestions into their sequences of symbolic play at 31 months; and (ii) performed better on a version of Wimmer and Perner's (1983) unexpected transfer task at age 4. There was also evidence of superior mentalising abilities among the secure group at age 5, despite no group differences being found in general cognitive ability. We suggest that these security-related differences might be related to mothers' propensity to treat their securely attached children as individuals with minds. In support of this hypothesis, mothers in the secure group adopted more sensitive tutoring strategies, and were more likely to describe their children in terms of their mental characteristics. Possible developmental pathways linking security of attachment in infancy with subsequent development were investigated using path analyses. 相似文献
974.
Daniel M. Byrd III Donald O. Allen Robert L. Beamer Henry R. Besch Jr. David B. Bylund John Doull William W. Fleming Arthur Fries F. Peter Guengerich Roger Hornbrook Louis Lasagna Bert K. B. Lum Elias K. Michaelis Edward T. Morgan Alan Poland Karl K. Rozman J. Bryan Smith Hollie I. Swanson William Waddell James D. Wilson 《Risk analysis》1998,18(1):1-2
975.
The authors show that for balanced data, the estimates of effects of interest and of their standard errors are unaffected when a covariate is removed from a multiplicative Poisson model. As they point out, this is not verified in the analogous linear model, nor in the logistic model. In the first case, only the estimated coefficients remain the same, while in the second case, both the estimated effects and their standard errors can change. 相似文献
976.
Has Social Security Become Irrelevant? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
James Midgley 《International social security review》1999,52(2):91-98
In recent years, it has often been asserted that social security has become irrelevant to contemporary economic and social realities. This claim has been accompanied by proposals for the abolition of social security and its replacement with commercial provision. In some countries, social security has already been extensively privatized. Instead of dismissing the claim that social security has become irrelevant, this article examines the views of social security's critics. It suggests that steps need to be taken to address their challenge and ensure social security's long-term survival. 相似文献
977.
James P. Sampson 《The Career development quarterly》1999,47(3):243-254
The Internet has evolved so rapidly that there is little information on integrating Internet-based distance guidance opportunities with resources and services provided by existing career centers. In this article, the author describes career centers and then explores the need for career centers in the information age, the types of Internet web sites, the functions of an integrated web site in promoting cost- effectiveness, options for integrating user needs, the role of instructional design in web site development, cost-effectiveness and staff collaboration, web master responsibilities, Internet web site implementation, staff training, and ethical issues. This article is based on a paper presented at a seminar titled, “Guidance in Open Learning Environments in the Finnish Polytechnics” at Espoo-Vantaa Polytechnic, Vantaa, Finland, 1998. 相似文献
978.
James R. Mellor Clarissa S. Barnes Ruth Anne Rehfeldt 《The Analysis of verbal behavior》2015,31(2):236-254
The current research investigated whether intraverbals would emerge following auditory tact instruction. Participants were first taught to tact auditory stimuli by providing the name of the item or animal that produces the sound (e.g., saying “eagle” when presented with the recording of an eagle cawing). Following test probes for simple intraverbals as well as intraverbal categorization participants were taught to tact what each auditory stimulus is (e.g., saying “caw” when presented with the recording of an eagle cawing). Following both tact instructional phases, the effects of an auditory imagining instruction procedure on target intraverbals were examined. Results indicate that following both tact instructional phases, intraverbals increased for three of four participants. Auditory imagining instruction was sufficient for two of four participants to reach mastery criterion, and two of four participants needed some direct instruction. Low covariation between simple intraverbal and categorization was also observed. Functional interdependence between tacts and intraverbals and the possible role of a conditioned hearing response are discussed. 相似文献
979.
Unionization and faculty salaries: New evidence from the 1990s 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
James Monks 《Journal of Labor Research》2000,21(2):305-314
The literature on how unionization affects faculty salaries and compensation is inconclusive. I use the 1993 National Survey
of Postsecondary Faculty to investigate how collective bargaining affects faculty salaries. Union representation significantly
alters the returns to individual and institutional characteristics, and unionized faculty receive a premium of between 7 and
14 percent, an earnings differential that is substantially larger than those found in most earlier studies. 相似文献
980.
For African Americans and Latinos, skin color is a significant predictor of many social and economic stratification variables including income, education, housing, occupational status, spousal status, poverty rates, criminal justice sentencing, and rates of depression. Given these patterns, some scholars have surprisingly found that skin color is not a significant predictor of many political attitudes for African Americans, and called this phenomenon the “skin color paradox.” This article investigates the role of skin color, race, and national origin in predicting political marginality and political commonality among Latinos. The models suggest that skin color is not a significant predictor of political attitudes, consistent with the skin color paradox theory but that national origin does predict some political attitudes. 相似文献