Has Reform of Global Finance been Misconceived? Policy Documents and the Volcker Rule

After some hope from the mid-2000s onwards, when unprecedented resources were mobilized to provide life-saving treatment to the millions dying from HIV/AIDS in the global South, donors are reneging on their promises, bowing to the imperative of austerity of a self-inflicted economic crisis. Drawing on Galtung's typology of structural and cultural violence, this article examines how the rules and norms of global governance have shaped the context of policy responses to the pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa, and how these material struggles are intimately bound up with struggles over the frames through which the disease is portrayed and perceived by key policy actors and the public. First, we argue that the strikingly differential global distribution of the disease is, at least partially, attributable to the structural violence of Africa's encounter with neoliberal capitalism. Second, we focus on two dominant frames—behavioral and philanthrocapitalist—and examine how they contributed to a depoliticization of the AIDS crisis, negating the counter-framing work of transnational AIDS activism. The latter, which has done so much to unmask our shared responsibility for the unequal distribution of vulnerability and death, is critical to countering the threat the economic crisis poses to the global HIV/AIDS response.

Después de alguna esperanza desde mediados de los años 2000 en adelante, cuando se movilizaron recursos sin precedente, para proveer tratamiento para salvar vidas a las millones de personas que morían a causa del VIH/SIDA en el sur global, los donantes están fallando a sus promesas, cediendo a la austeridad imperativa de una crisis económica autoinflingida. A partir de la tipología de Galtung sobre la violencia estructural y cultural, este artículo examina cómo las reglas y las normas de la gobernanza global han dado forma al contexto de las respuestas políticas a la pandemia del sub Sahara africano, y cómo estas luchas materiales están íntimamente ligadas con las luchas sobre los marcos dentro de los cuales los actores claves de la política y el público describen y perciben la enfermedad. Primero, sostenemos que la sorprendente diferencia en la distribución global de la enfermedad, es al menos atribuible a la violencia estructural del encuentro del África con el capitalismo neoliberal. Segundo, nos enfocamos en dos marcos dominantes—uno conductual y otro filántropo capitalista—y examinamos cómo estos han contribuido a una despolitización de la crisis del SIDA, negando la formulación del trabajo del activismo trasnacional del SIDA. El segundo, que ha hecho tanto para desenmascarar nuestra responsabilidad común por la distribución desigual de la vulnerabilidad y la muerte, es crítico para enfrentar la amenaza que representa la crisis económica a la respuesta global del VIH/SIDA.

年代中期,世界动用了空前的资源,为南方国家数以百万将要死亡的艾滋病患者提供延长生命的治疗,给艾滋病防治工作带来了希望。在这之后,捐赠者们违背了其承诺,屈服于一场自己制造的经济危机的紧缩要求。通过借鉴加尔通的结构暴力和文化暴力分类,本文考察了对于撒哈拉以南非洲艾滋病的大规模爆发问题,全球治理的规则和规范如何塑造了对该问题政策回应的背景;关键政策制定者和公众描绘和认知艾滋病存在着模式之争,本文考察了资源争夺与这种模式之争是如何密切相关的。第一,本文认为,艾滋病惊人的全球差别分布,至少部分可归因于非洲与新自由资本主义碰撞产生的结构暴力。第二,本文关注了两个主导框架——行为的和慈善资本主义的,并考察它们如何促进了艾滋病危机的去政治化,否定了反对跨国艾滋病行动主义的框架。我们对艾滋病脆弱性和死亡的不平等分布负有共同责任,第二点对揭露这一事实贡献良多,是对抗经济危机给全球艾滋病防治带来的威胁的关键。

????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? 2000?? ?? ??? ?? ??, ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??. ? ??? ??? ???, ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????. ??, ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????. ??, ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???. ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????.     

Understanding human ambivalence about sex: The effects of stripping sex of meaning

We offer a theoretical perspective to provide insight into why people are ambivalent about sex and why cultures regulate sex and attach symbolic meaning to it. Building on terror management theory, we propose that sex is problematic for humankind in part because it reminds us of our creaturely mortal nature. Two experiments investigated the effects of reminding people of the similarity between humans and other animals on their reactions to the physical aspects of sex. In Study 1, priming human‐animal similarities led to increased accessibility of death‐related thoughts after thinking about the physical but not romantic aspects of sex. In Study 2, when participants were reminded of similarities between humans and other animals, mortality salience resulted in decreased attraction to the physical but not romantic aspects of sex. In each study, priming thoughts about how humans are distinct from animals eliminated the association between sex and death.     

A Rapid Review of Sexual Wellbeing Definitions and Measures: Should We Now Include Sexual Wellbeing Freedom?

An increasing number of studies refer to sexual wellbeing and/or seek to measure it, and the term appears across various policy documents, including sexual health frameworks in the UK. We conducted a rapid review to determine how sexual wellbeing has been defined, qualitatively explored and quantitatively measured. Eligible studies selected for inclusion from OVID Medline, PsychInfo, PubMed, Embase, CINAHL were: in English language, published after 2007, were peer-reviewed full articles, focused on sexual wellbeing (or proxies for, e.g. satisfaction, function), and quantitatively or qualitatively assessed sexual wellbeing. We included studies with participants aged 16–65. Given study heterogeneity, our synthesis and findings are reported using a narrative approach. We identified 162 papers, of which 10 offered a definition of sexual wellbeing. Drawing upon a socio-ecological model, we categorised the 59 dimensions we identified from studies under three main domains: cognitive-affect (31 dimensions); inter-personal (22 dimensions); and socio-cultural (6 dimensions). Only 11 papers were categorised under the socio-cultural domain, commonly focusing on gender inequalities or stigma. We discuss the importance of conceptualising sexual wellbeing as individually experienced but socially and structurally influenced, including assessing sexual wellbeing freedom: a person’s freedom to achieve sexual wellbeing, or their real opportunities and liberties.     

Harmful Algal Blooms in South Carolina Residential and Golf Course Ponds

The South Carolina coastal zone is among the fastest growing areas in the U.S., and population epicenters are marked by dense brackish water pond (lagoon) coverage associated with housing complexes and golf courses. Surveillance efforts in 2001–2002 documented the widespread occurrence of several types of potentially or measurably toxic harmful algal blooms (HABs) in these ponds. These man-made retention ponds were constructed in order to serve as a buffer between developed areas and open estuaries or for aesthetic reasons. However, the combination of restricted tidal flow and nutrient and/or contaminant deposition creates a stimulatory environment for potential HAB formation. These discoveries introduce the need to consider mitigation measures to existing ponds and HAB preventive strategies for future pond construction.     

Tomboy chic: re-fashioning gender rebellion

This article explores the recent celebration of tomboy chic as the latest attempt to discursively intervene on female masculinity. First, the article contextualizes tomboy identity within theories of female masculinity and butch identity. Next, it maps out the proliferation of tomboy recuperation narratives throughout popular culture, from fashion magazines and daytime television to online advice sites. Framing tomboy identity as delayed maturation in need of an intervention, this re-fashioning of tomboy identity as style-over-substance jeopardizes an important outlet for gender rebellion.     

Management and leadership: issues for integration in the emergent economy

Globalization is a complex process of worldwide changes that brings a great deal of good but is not without its dark side. With corporations having a significant role in globalization, HRD professionals face tough choices about whether and how to be involved.     

Culture and leadership: women in nonprofit and for-profit leadership positions within the European Union

Research has shown that women commonly hold positions of leadership within nonprofit organizations, while men typically hold the leadership positions within for-profit organizations. However, little research on women's leadership roles has been conducted within European Union countries. The purpose of this article is to examine women's leadership positions within nonprofit and for-profit organizations within the European Union and, using Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions Theory, to further investigate a potential correlation between national culture and female leadership. Fifty-one companies were examined based on type, country characteristics and gender dominance. A significant difference was found between organization type (nonprofit/for-profit) and organizational dominance (masculine/feminine). The findings suggest that the European Union has patterns of gendered leadership positions similar to patterns found previously in the USA. However, countries that were characterized as feminine had more than expected nonprofit organizations, while masculine countries had more for-profit organizations.     

Mapping the literature on child marriage: A critical engagement

U.S. “child marriage”—marriage including at least one person under the age of 18—is legal and practiced in 44 states. In this article, I map the existing literature on child marriage and offer insights on how child marriage can expand our sociological understandings of marriage, gender inequality, and youth sexualities. Social scientists have almost exclusively focused on child marriage in the Global South at the expense of understanding child marriage in the Global North, which I argue reinforces racist and xenophobic narratives that cast child marriage as a non-Western social problem. The research on U.S. child marriage that does exist focuses on the consequences, rather than the causes, of child marriage, which may shift focus away from a structural understanding of how intersecting inequalities shape girls' likelihood of getting married as minors. I position a sociology of U.S. child marriage at the intersection of sociological understandings of marriage and gender inequality and critical research on youth sexualities. I conclude by calling for intersectional research on U.S. child marriage that builds on these literatures, examining how girls' sexualities are racialized, gendered, and classed within the institution of marriage.