Looking for Rural Idyll ‘Down Under’: International Immigrants in Rural Australia

This article outlines the empirical findings of the first national longitudinal study of almost 1,000 recent immigrants who decided to move to non‐metropolitan Australia. The national survey (2008‐2010) identified that new international immigrants tend to move to rural areas because of the natural beauty, lifestyle and community spirit to be found there, as well as the idyllic image of peacefulness and a relaxing environment associated with these areas. Natural attractors, such as rurality and climate, were important features of the places which, according to the survey, were particularly liked. However, there is tension between the imagined Australian rural ideal and reality, with remoteness, isolation and parochialism being the key features in how the countryside may be misrepresented. The retention of new immigrants in rural places is very strongly related to constructed attractors – the availability and quality of infrastructure, as well as recreational, entertainment and cultural activities.     

Comparing mean ranks for repeated measures data

Rank tests are considered that compare t treatments in repeated measures designs. A statistic is given that contains as special cases several that have been proposed for this problem, including one that corresponds to the randomized block ANOVA statistic applied to the rank transformed data. Another statistic is proposed, having a null distribution holding under more general conditions, that is the rank transform of the Hotelling statistic for repeated measures. A statistic of this type is also given for data that are ordered categorical rather than fully rankedo Unlike the Friedman statistic, the statistics discussed in this article utilize a single ranking of the entire sample. Power calculations for an underlying normal distribution indicate that the rank transformed ANOVA test can be substantially more powerful than the Friedman test.     

“A stone wall out of the earth that thundering cannon cannot destroy"? Bastion and Moat at the Castle,Cape Town

Although the urgency with which the Dutch East India Company administration at the Cape built defensive works was a direct result of their fear of attack from both land and sea, there was an additional imperative, for the Castle at Cape Town stood as a symbol of Dutch colonial aspirations. In this paper, we compare written and material texts of one part of the Castle's architecture to show firstly, how the discordances between such sources can reveal an underside of early colonization and secondly, how the Castle moat, in the seventeenth century a stamp of aspirant power, was by the mid‐nineteenth century a dump and a public nuisance.     

Battling the Plantation Mentality: Memphis and the Black Freedom Struggle

Theodore Evergates, Feudal Society in the Bailliage of Troyes under the Counts of Champagne, 1152–1284 (1976), xii+274 (Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, £11.20).

Pierre Guichard, Structures sociales ‘orientales’ et ‘occidentales’ dans l'Espagne musulmane (1977), 426 (Editions Mouton et cie, Paris and La Haye, 176F).

J. S. Cockburn (ed.), Crime in England 1550–1800 (1977), xiv+334 (Methuen, £10.00, paperback £6.95).

Jack Goody, Joan Thirsk and E. P. Thompson (eds), Family and Inheritance. Rural Society in Western Europe, 1200–1800 (1976), vi+421 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, £8.80); Peter Laslett, Family Life and Illicit Lore in Earlier Generations. Essays in Historical Sociology (1977), vii+270 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, £15.00, paperback £4.95).

David C. Itzkowitz, Peculiar Privilege: A Social History of English Foxhunting, 1753–1885 (1977), 248 (The Harvester Press, Hassocks, £10.50).

Alfred F. Young (ed.), The American Revolution: Explorations in the History of American Radicalism (1976), xv+481 (Northern Illinois University Press, DeKalb, Illinois, paperback, n.p.).

Clive Bush, The Dream of Reason: American Consciousness and Cultural Achievement from Independence to the Civil War (1977), xi+397 (Edward Arnold, £14.95).

Albert Soboul, Problèmes paysans de la Révolution, 1789–1848 (1976), 446 (François Maspéro, Paris, 50F.).

James H. Bater, St Petersburg. Industrialization and Change (1976), xxiii+474 (Edward Arnold, £14.95).

Nicholas V. Riasanovsky, A Parting of the Ways: Government and the Educated Public in Russia 1801–1851 (1977), viii+323 (Clarendon Press, Oxford, £12.00).

J. Michael Phayer, Sexual Liberation and Religion in Nineteenth‐Century Europe (1977), 176 (Croom Helm, £7.50).

John Woodward and David Richards (eds.), Health Care and Popular Medicine in Nineteenth‐Century England (1977), 195 (Croom Helm, £7.95).

Jörg Calliess, Militär in der Krise. Die bayerische Armee in der Revolution 184849 (1976), vi+224 (Harald Boldt, Boppard am Rhein, DM 40).

Trygve Tholfsen, Working Class Radicalism in Mid‐Victorian England (1976), 332 (Croom Helm, £9.95).

Daniel Field, The End of Serfdom: Nobility and Bureaucracy in Russia, 1855–1861 (1976), xiii+472 (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass, and London, £11.90).     

The Development of Gaze Following in a Third‐Party Context

Infants follow the gaze of an individual with whom they are directly interacting by the end of the first year. By 18 months infants are capable of learning novel words in observational (or third‐party) contexts (Floor & Akhtar, 2006). To examine third‐party gaze following in 12‐ and 18‐month‐olds, the parent and experimenter engaged in a conversation while the infant was present. For 8 trials approximately every 30 sec the experimenter would turn her head to the right or left to fixate on a toy placed on either side of the room with the parent following suit. In the first experiment, the parent was seated next to the infant and the experimenter opposite, whereas in the second experiment the positions of the adults were switched. In Experiment 1, 18‐month‐olds but not 12‐month‐olds followed gaze. In Experiment 2, 12‐month‐olds acquired a tendency to follow gaze during the experimental session. These results suggest that an incipient ability to follow third‐party gaze is present by 12 months and that infants acquire a more reliable and general ability to follow the gaze of noninteractive others between 12 and 18 months.