Women in the driver's seat: Trends in sex differences in driving and death

The social meanings associated with the control of automobiles, involving among other things power, prestige, and independence, have led to driving being defined traditionally as within the masculine purview. One consequence of changing sex roles has been women's gradual usurpation of this formerly male prerogative. The proportion of women licensed to drive has increased markedly, a difference especially pronounced among the younger age groups. Male drivers log more miles than female drivers, and male accident rates have traditionally been higher than female rates. However, controlling for exposure to risk, the sex difference in accident rates has declined, and female mortality from traffic accidents has increased markedly. The possibility of sex differences in driving style is discussed. If driver-education programs and other attempts at intervention are to be effective, then it is important to become cognizant of women, especially young women, as a new population-at-risk, and to modify efforts so as to reach this new target group.Women in the Driver's Seat is part of a larger study of sex roles: Dying To Be Equal: Accelerating Trends in Female Mortality, coauthored with Ellen Gee, in preparation. A preliminary version was presented to the Society for the Study of Social Problems at their annual meeting in New York City, August, 1980.     

Adolescent sexual activity in the family context: The impact of older siblings

Using approximately 2,000 sibling pairs from the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience of Youth, we examine the influence of an older sibling's age at first sexual intercourse on the sexual initiation of a younger sibling. Hypotheses about differences by gender composition of the pair are tested, using a framework derived from social comparison theory and a two-stage failure-time model. Results provide evidence of a direct but modest-sized older sibling effect for white but not black youth. This effect is approximately equal in magnitude for same- and opposite-sex siblings. Little support is offered for the greater salience and association of sexual activity for brother-brother as compared with sister-sister pairs.     

Religiously unaffiliated Canadians: Sex,age, and regional variations

Canada has been viewed traditionally as a preponderantly Christian country, with persons who are not affiliated with religion perceived as a deviant minority. Lack of affiliation with organized religion may be operationalized in a number of ways. In Canada in 1985, of all persons over the age of 15, about one in ten reported no religion. An additional 20% may be considered to be unaffiliated, in that they report they never attend church; and an additional 10% report that they go to church less than once a year. Depending upon the indicator used, therefore, nearly one in four Canadians may be considered to be religiously unaffiliated.Data from the 1985 General Social Survey (N=11110) are analyzed by sex, age and region. Being unaffiliated with organized religion is consistently more common among men than among women. The highest proportions of unaffiliated persons occur within the 25–34 year age group, with the lowest generally occuring in the 55–64 age group. The Atlantic provinces contain the lowest proportions of unaffiliated persons. Proportions increase westward to reach a high in British Columbia, where the percentage of non-affiliates is about twice the national average. Implications of the incidence of religious non-affiliation are discussed with reference to future research.     

The domination number of Cartesian product of two directed paths

Let γ(P _m □P _n ) be the domination number of the Cartesian product of directed paths P _m and P _n for m,n≥2. Liu et al. in (J. Comb. Optim. 22(4):651–662, 2011) determined the value of γ(P _m □P _n ) for arbitrary n and m≤6. In this work we give the exact value of γ(P _m □P _n ) for any m,n and exhibit dominating sets of minimum cardinality.     

罗莎·卢森堡关于"社会主义还是野蛮状态"的概念

20世纪90年代以来,罗莎·卢森堡政治学说中所包含的后现代社会的内容得到了世界学者的广泛重视和深入研究。在这里,我们根据2006年3月20—22日武汉大学哲学学院和马克思主义哲学研究所联合举办的“罗莎·卢森堡思想及其当代价值国际学术研讨会”就此问题的讨论特发表以下三篇论文。这三篇论文的特点是结合现时代世界历史提出的重大问题,从哲学的层面反思了罗莎·卢森堡政治学中的基本问题,反映了当代罗莎·卢森堡政治哲学研究的水平和视野。这些论文无论对于深化罗莎·卢森堡政治学的研究,还是对于中国开展马克思主义的政治哲学研究来说,都具有重要的启迪意义。本专栏发表的三篇论文由武汉大学哲学学院何萍教授组织,中南财经政法大学人文学院王雨辰教授也给予了大力协助,在此一并表示衷心的感谢。     

The labour movement and mutual benefit societies: Towards an international approach

The comparative history of the mutualist and workers'movements shows up several notable points of convergence, from their beginnings up until the Second World War. They were branches of a common tree: tradesmen's and workers'guilds were more often than not at the origin of union and pre-union organizations and mutual aid societies. The two movements also developed in parallel over the course of the two industrial revolutions of 1780-1840 and 1880-1890. Despite this, their paths began increasingly to diverge. Setting out from the same essentially craft-based social milieu as the unions, the mutualist movement gradually took root among the lower-middle and middle classes, the civil service and the military. The mutualist ideology of a common good shared among the social classes was the antithesis of the prevailing ethos in the union movement, of which class struggle was the defining attribute. Finally, the aims of the two movements also diverged: on one hand the trade unionists, engaging in mass and sometimes violent action in support of immediate demands; on the other, the mutualists, working away at their necessarily long-term administrative tasks. From the last quarter of the nineteenth century on, therefore, the mutualist and workers'movements entered into a process of increasing diversification.     

Ethnic and religious perspectives on disability and the helping professions

This note looks at ethnic and religious perspectives of people who are training for and/or working in the helping professions in regard to their views of disability. The Modified Issues in Disabilities Scale (MIDS) was administered to a sample of people training for and/or working in the helping professions. A statistically significant association was found between ethnic and religious perspectives and scores on the MIDS.     

Majority voting on orders

We characterize two lexicographic-type preference extension rules from a set X to the set of all orders on this set. Elements of X are interpreted as basic economic policy decisions, whereas elements of are conceived as political programs among which a collectivity has to choose through majority voting. The main axiom is called tournament-consistency, and states that whenever majority pairwise comparisons based on initial preferences on X define an order on X, then this order is also chosen by a majority among all other orders in . Tournament-consistency thus allows to predict the outcome of majority voting upon orders from the knowledge of majority preferences on their components.