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The paper extends a result in Dutta and Ray's (1989) theory of constrained egalitarianism initiated by relying on the concept of proportionate rather than absolute equality. We apply this framework to redistributive systems in which what the individuals get depends on what they receive or pay qua members of generally overlapping groups. We solve the constrained equalization problem for this class of models. The paper ends up comparing our solution with the alternative solution based on the Shapley value, which has been recommended in some distributive applications. 相似文献
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Loss functions express the loss to society, incurred through the use of a product, in monetary units. Underlying this concept is the notion that any deviation from target of any product characteristic implies a degradation in the product performance and hence a loss. Spiring (1993), in response to criticisms of the quadratic loss function, developed the reflected normal loss function, which is based on the normal density function. We give some modifications of these loss functions to simplify their application and provide a framework for the reflected normal loss function that accomodates a broader class of symmetric loss situations. These modifications also facilitate the unification of both of these loss functions and their comparison through expected loss. Finally, we give a simple method for determing the parameters of the modified reflected normal loss function based on loss information for multiple values of the product characteristic, and an example to illustrate the flexibility of the proposed model and the determination of its parameters. 相似文献
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20世纪中期中国文学存在着三种类型的现代主义,即:外来现代主义,上海现代主义,中国学院派现代主义。沈从文是学院派现代主义的先驱人物。学院派现代主义受外来现代主义影响而形成,却有其独创性。它不同于上海现代主义。其典型作品有沈从文的《凤子》、《看虹录》、《水云》等。这些作品从主题到技巧都充分证明了沈从文现代主义特征的一面。沈从文的现代主义作品虽属“非主流文学”,但却影响了后来整整一代的现代派诗人和小说家。 相似文献
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Md.?Abul?HasnatEmail authorView authors OrcID profile Olivier?Alata Alain?Trémeau 《Statistics and Computing》2016,26(4):861-880
Model-based clustering is a method that clusters data with an assumption of a statistical model structure. In this paper, we propose a novel model-based hierarchical clustering method for a finite statistical mixture model based on the Fisher distribution. The main foci of the proposed method are: (a) provide efficient solution to estimate the parameters of a Fisher mixture model (FMM); (b) generate a hierarchy of FMMs and (c) select the optimal model. To this aim, we develop a Bregman soft clustering method for FMM. Our model estimation strategy exploits Bregman divergence and hierarchical agglomerative clustering. Whereas, our model selection strategy comprises a parsimony-based approach and an evaluation graph-based approach. We empirically validate our proposed method by applying it on simulated data. Next, we apply the method on real data to perform depth image analysis. We demonstrate that the proposed clustering method can be used as a potential tool for unsupervised depth image analysis. 相似文献
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Jean-Yves Duclos 《Social Choice and Welfare》2009,32(1):37-58
Assessing whether distributional changes are “pro-poor” has become increasingly widespread in academic and policy circles.
Starting from relatively general ethical axioms, this paper proposes simple graphical methods to test whether distributional
changes are indeed pro-poor. Pro-poor standards are first defined. An important issue is whether these standards should be
absolute or relative. Another issue is whether pro-poor judgements should put relatively more emphasis on the impact of growth
upon the poorer of the poor. Having formalized the treatment of these issues, the paper describes various ways for checking
whether broad classes of ethical judgements will declare a distributional change to be pro-poor.
This paper was funded through a World Bank Research Support Budget and has also benefitted from the support of SSHRC, FQRSC,
and the Poverty and Economic Policy research network of IDRC. I am very grateful to Quentin Wodon for his contribution to
an earlier version of this paper, and to Christian Calmes, Boniface Essama-Nssah, Ashok Kotwal and two anonymous referees
for very helpful comments. 相似文献
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We described the use of pornography in Norway, including how many people have used pornographic magazines, films, and internet sites and to what extent those who watch pornography on the internet also use it as an arena for erotic chatting. The data stem from a survey on sexual behavior among a random sample of 10,000 Norwegians between 18 and 49 years. The response rate was 34%. A total of 82% reported having read pornographic magazines, 84% had seen pornographic films, and 34% had examined pornography on the internet. Statistically significantly more men than women reported use of pornography. There was a 20% difference between men and women in use of magazines and films. Among those exposed to pornography on the internet during the past year, 14% had participated in erotic chatting. Gay/bisexual men and lesbian/bisexual women reported higher use of pornography than straight men and women. Gender was the most significant variable for the prediction of use of pornography. Level of education predicted exposure to pornography on the internet, in magazines, and in films. Younger individuals were more likely to utilize the internet both for viewing pornographic material and for chatting. 相似文献
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Trætteberg Håkon Solbu Fladmoe Audun 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》2020,31(1):168-168
VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations - The authors have requested retrospective open access for this paper. The original article has been corrected. 相似文献
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