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971.
Despite the fact that rural education has always been one of the most important means of rural development, it has been ignored
in many developing countries, with the result that rural development has not achieved great success. The problems of education
in rural areas are not only related to the amount the country spends on education or to the system of education. The socio-economic
condition of the individuals living in these areas and the form of rural education also play an important part. The present
study deals with the socio-economic factors that influence the education level which is achieved. The assessments in the study
are based on data gathered in a survey of 386 households carried out in the Aegean Region of Turkey. The work consists of
three parts: the state of education in rural areas; the factors adversely affecting an individual’s decision to continue at
school; and the employment situation of individuals who did not continue their education. In the results section, some suggestions
have been made regarding the provision of employment opportunities to individuals who have not completed their education and
who have had no job training. 相似文献
972.
While a growing literature demonstrates the impact of socio-political factors on citizens’ quality of life, scholars have
paid comparatively little attention to the role political organizations such as labor unions play in this regard. We examine
labor organization as a determinant of cross-national variation in life satisfaction across a sample of advanced industrial
polities. Our findings strongly suggest that unions increase the life satisfaction of citizens, and that that this effect
holds for non-union members as well. Moreover, we also find that labor organization has the strongest impact on the subjective
well-being of citizens with lower incomes. We confirm these hypotheses using both individual and aggregate-level data from
fourteen nations. We show these relationships to have an independent and separable impact from other economic, political,
and cultural determinants. The implications for the study of life satisfaction and of labor unions as political actors in
general are discussed. 相似文献
973.
Anne M. Gadermann Kimberly A. Schonert-Reichl Bruno D. Zumbo 《Social indicators research》2010,96(2):229-247
This study introduces the Satisfaction with Life Scale adapted for Children (SWLS-C) and presents psychometric findings regarding
its validation. The SWLS-C was adapted from the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS; Diener et al. 1985), which is one of the most commonly used measures to assess satisfaction with life in adults. Three subject matter experts
adapted the SWLS by changing the wording of the item stem and response format in order to make it more understandable for
children. A stratified random sample of 1,233 students (48% girls) in grades 4–7 (mean age 11 years and 7 months) provided
data on the SWLS-C and measures of optimism, self-concept, self-efficacy, depression, emphatic concern, and perspective taking.
The SWLS-C demonstrated a unidimensional factor structure and high internal consistency. Furthermore, differential item functioning
and differential scale functioning analyses indicated that the SWLS-C measures satisfaction with life in the same way for
different groups of children (i.e., with regard to gender, first language learned at home—English vs. other language(s) than
English—and across different grades) at the item and at the scale level. Associations between scores on the SWLS-C and demographic
variables were statistically non-significant or of small effect size. In addition, the SWLS-C showed evidence of convergent
and discriminant validity in relation to the other measures. Our results indicate that the SWLS-C is a psychometrically sound
instrument that demonstrated evidence of construct validity for this age group. Limitations and future directions are discussed. 相似文献
974.
Jan Delhey 《Social indicators research》2010,97(1):65-84
This paper takes the theory of value change as developed by Inglehart as a point of departure and tests its implications for
the determinants of human happiness. It investigates whether the importance of post-material concerns for happiness, relative
to that of materialist concerns, is indeed higher in rich post-industrial societies. Personal autonomy and job creativity
serve as indicators for post-materialist concerns, the income domain as an indicator for materialist concerns. The main assumption
is put against data for 48 countries from wave 5 of the World Values Survey, the most recent survey, which covers the full
range from poor agrarian to rich post-industrial societies. Employing a multi-level design, the paper indeed reveals a quite
consistent pattern towards post-materialist happiness as we move from poor to rich societies. This pattern seems to be driven
by both a devalorization of material concerns and a valorization of post-materialist concerns, although the evidence suggests
that the former trend is stronger and more linear than the latter. 相似文献
975.
This paper examines how full-time or part-time status affects students’ level of satisfaction with their degree programs.
For our analysis, we obtained data from a survey of graduate students. The survey was conducted at a public university in
Spain from 2001 to 2004. The decision to undertake paid employment while studying emerges as one of the key determinants of
student satisfaction. In particular, our findings indicate that students who hold a part-time job while studying are more
likely to express less satisfaction with their college experience. 相似文献
976.
977.
Recent studies have proposed alternative birth outcome measures as means of assessing infant mortality risk; nevertheless,
there hasn’t yet been an integrated analysis of these approaches. We review 14 strategies, including various combinations
of birth weight, gestational age, fetal growth rate, and Apgar scores—as predictors of early neonatal, late neonatal, and
postneonatal mortality, and infant mortality. Using the NCHS linked birth/infant death file for 2001, we construct multivariate
logit models and assess the associations between each of the 14 key birth outcome measures and four mortality outcomes. We
find that all evaluated birth outcome measures are strong predictors, but Apgar scores are the strongest among all models
for all outcomes, independent of birth weight and gestational age. Apgar scores’ predictive power is stronger for Mexican-,
white-, and female-infants than for black- and male-infants. Second, all birth outcome measures remain significantly associated
with mortality, but their predictive power reduces drastically over time. These findings suggest a rule of thumb for predicting
infant mortality odds: when available, Apgar scores should always be included along with birth weight (or LBW status) and
gestational age. Additionally, these findings argue for the continued study of low birthweight, gestational age, and Apgar
scores as independently salient health outcomes. 相似文献
978.
The satisfaction with life scale (SWLS) is a widely accepted and widely used tool for measuring well-being. Although its potential
as a cross-cultural index is recognized, an introduction and systematic validation of the Hebrew version is needed. Thus,
the purpose of this study is: (1) to describe the process of developing the Hebrew version of the SWLS, and (2) to examine
its construct validity as well as its internal consistency. Four hundred and eighty seven working adults completed the following
self reported Hebrew language versions of the: (1) SWLS, (2) positive affect and negative affect scales (PANAS), and (3) the
self-rated health (SRH) scale. In addition, as way of gathering additional evidence of validity, the SWLS was completed by
proxy (i.e., each participant’s life partner or significant other). Confirmatory factor analysis supported a single-factor
structure with significant correlations between the SWLS and the rest of the measures—PANAS scores, the SRH scores as well
as the SWLS scores as measured by proxy. In addition, item-analysis supports the internal consistency of the scale. The Hebrew
version of the SWLS is a valid and reliable scale and can be utilized in the Israeli context. 相似文献
979.
Hui-Chuan Hsu 《Social indicators research》2010,99(3):455-468
The aim of the study was to explore the relationship between subjective economic status and indicators of successful aging
to life satisfaction trajectories among the elderly in Taiwan. Data were from the four waves of “Survey of Health and Living
Status of the Elderly in Taiwan”. Hierarchical linear modeling was conducted. Subjective economic status was measured by childhood
economic status and time-varying economic satisfaction. Time-varying physical, mental, and social successful aging variables
and demographics were also used to describe the trajectory of life satisfaction. Life satisfaction showed a slightly decreasing
but generally stationary trend across time. The concurrent economic satisfaction was associated with life satisfaction trajectory,
but childhood economic status was not significant. The time-varying depressive symptoms, cognitive function and social support
were related to the life satisfaction trajectory. Policy on the elderly should take particular account of the economic security,
mental health, and social support of the elderly. 相似文献
980.
The aims of this investigation were (1) to measure the impact of arts-related activities on the perceived quality of life
of a representative sample of British Columbians aged 18 years or more in the spring of 2007, and (2) to compare the findings
of this study with those of a sample of 1,027 adults drawn from five B.C. communities (Comox Valley, Kamloops, Nanaimo, Port
Moody and Prince George) in the fall of 2006. Seven hundred and eight British Columbians responded to a mailed out questionnaire,
and the working data set was weighted by age and education to match the 2006 census statistics for the province, yielding
a fairly representative sample. Speaking quite generally, about 62.0% of the results for the two samples are very similar.
In particular, in both surveys we found that (a) among arts-related activities in which people participate relatively infrequently
(i.e., participation is counted in times per year rather than in hours per week), live theatre is supreme in the strength of its positive correlation with respondents’ perceived quality of life measured
in 7 different ways, and (b) compared to 4 demographic variables (age, education, household income and body mass index), household
income had the highest average, positive correlation with 7 different measures of respondents’ overall life assessments, namely,
self-assessed general health, satisfaction with life as a whole (single item), happiness, satisfaction with the quality of
life, satisfaction with life as a whole (5-item index), contentment with life (5-item index) and subjective wellbeing (4-item
index). Different results were found in the province-wide versus the five-communities survey for the following, among other
things, (a) compared to all 7 life assessment measures, for the province, satisfaction with the quality of life and happiness
had the largest number of significant correlations with arts-related activities measured in hours per week engaged, while for the five communities, the single measure of satisfaction with the quality of life had the largest number
of significant correlations, and (b) For the province, compared to all 7 life assessment measures, satisfaction with the quality
of life had the largest number of significant correlations with arts-related activities measured in times per year engaged; for the five communities, compared to all 7 life assessment measures, self-assessed general health had the largest
number of significant correlations with arts-related activities measured in times per year engaged. 相似文献