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961.
962.
Tobacco use is the largest single cause of premature death in the developed world. Two methods of estimating the number of deaths attributable to smoking use mortality from lung cancer as an indicator of the damage from smoking. We re-estimate the coefficients of one of these, the Preston/Glei/Wilmoth model, using recent data from U.S. states. We calculate smoking-attributable fractions for the 50 states and the United States as a whole in 2004, and estimate the contribution of smoking to the high adult mortality of the southern states. We estimate that 21% of deaths among men and 17% among women were attributable to smoking in 2004. Across states, attributable fractions range from 11% to 30% among men and from 7% to 23% among women. Smoking-related mortality also explains as much as 60% of the mortality disadvantage of southern states compared with other regions. At the national level, our estimates are in close agreement with those of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Preston/Glei/Wilmoth, particularly for men, although we find greater variability by state than does CDC. We suggest that our coefficients are suitable for calculating smoking-attributable mortality in contexts with relatively mature epidemics of cigarette smoking. 相似文献
963.
Jennifer Manlove Elizabeth Wildsmith Erum Ikramullah Suzanne Ryan Emily Holcombe Mindy Scott Kristen Peterson 《Population research and policy review》2012,31(3):361-386
Despite a growing interest in the family trajectories of unmarried women, there has been limited research on union transitions among cohabiting parents. Using data from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth, we examined how family complexity (including relationship and fertility histories), as well as characteristics of the union and birth, were associated with transitions to marriage or to separation among 1,105 women who had a birth in a cohabiting relationship. Cohabiting parents had complex relationship and fertility histories, which were tied to union transitions. Having a previous nonmarital birth was associated with a lower relative risk of marriage and a greater risk of separation. In contrast, a prior marriage or marital birth was linked to union stability (getting married or remaining cohabiting). Characteristics of the union and birth were also important. Important racial/ethnic differences emerged in the analyses. Black parents had the most complex family histories and the lowest relative risk of transitioning to marriage. Stable cohabitations were more common among Hispanic mothers, and measures of family complexity were particularly important to their relative risk of marriage. White mothers who began cohabiting after conception were the most likely to marry, suggesting that “shot-gun cohabitations” serve as a stepping-stone to marriage. 相似文献
964.
Kenneth W. Phelps Jennifer L. Hodgson Angela L. Lamson Melvin S. Swanson Mark B. White 《Social indicators research》2012,106(2):359-370
The objective of this study was to examine the association between biomedical markers of disease management and psychosocial
constructs, while also assessing the correlates and predictors of variability for satisfaction with life (SWL) among African
American and Hispanic participants with type 2 diabetes. Data were collected from 142 participants during their first visit
within a collaborative care program. Pearson product moment correlations, a multiple linear regression, and a one-way analysis
of variance were used to examine the research questions. Researchers found psychological distress, social support, and spirituality
accounted for twice the amount of variance in SWL for African American participants compared to Hispanic participants. Social
support was the strongest predictor of SWL for African American participants, while psychological distress was the strongest
predictor of SWL for Hispanic participants. Social support moderated the relationship between psychological distress and SWL
for Hispanic participants, but not African American participants. Spirituality did not moderate the relationship for either
ethnic group. One significant relationship was noted for BMI and somatization; otherwise, no significant relationships were
documented between psychosocial-spiritual and biomedical constructs, which may relate to limited variability in HbA1c. Clinicians
and researchers who work with underserved minority patients with uncontrolled diabetes may see improvement in patients’ SWL
when screening, treating, and/or studying psychological distress, interpersonal strain, and existential struggles. It is important
for practitioners and researchers to consider ethnic group differences in their work since some dissimilarity existed. 相似文献
965.
966.
Yanfeng Xu Charlotte Lyn Bright Haksoon Ahn 《International Journal of Social Welfare》2018,27(2):107-120
A recent study estimated that over one‐fourth of Chinese children have suffered maltreatment (Fang et al., 2015 ). However, the current child welfare policy in China is limited to orphans, abandoned children, and children with disabilities. Also, there is very little comparative research in China on Chinese and other countries’ child welfare systems. The purpose of this study was to analyze applicable US and Chinese child welfare policies, identify gaps in Chinese policy regarding child maltreatment, and make recommendations for a policy agenda for improving child welfare in China based on cultural values and existing policy structures. Results show that China has considerable capacity to make improvements in child protective services, foster care, and adoption policies. Based on the results of this study, several implications are provided to develop China's child maltreatment policy to increase children's outcomes of well‐being, safety, and permanency. Key Practitioner Message: ? To understand the background and system of current Chinese child maltreatment policy; ? To review US child maltreatment policy and its implementation to identify gaps in the Chinese child maltreatment system; ? To provide policy suggestions to develop Chinese child maltreatment policy and provide recommendations for social work education and practice in China. 相似文献
967.
968.
Jennifer S. Macleod 《Employment relations today》1986,13(3):219-223
969.
James D. Preston 《Sociological inquiry》1969,39(1):39-47
A method similar to Bonjean's modification of the traditional reputational approach was applied to a study of two small communities within a Southern state. The relative absence of concealed and symbolic leaders suggests that leader visibility is a variable which varies systematically from community to community. Several community characteristics are posited as explanatory variables determining leader visibility. 相似文献
970.