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71.
Dinan MA Weinfurt KP Friedman JY Allsbrook JS Gottlieb J Schulman KA Hall MA Dhillon JK Sugarman J 《Accountability in research》2006,13(4):325-342
The authors reviewed the conflict of interest policies of 9 academic medical centers in the United States and interviewed members of the Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) and Conflict of Interest Committees (COICs) at those institutions. They found that many institutions used processes for reporting and managing conflicts of interest that were more decentralized than the processes described in their policies. Also, most institutions had no clear and comprehensive policy to guide investigators regarding disclosure of conflicts of interest to potential research participants. Considerable differences in understanding of conflict of interest policies were observed between IRB and COIC officials. 相似文献
72.
Kendall Jeremy 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》1998,9(1):3-10
VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations - 相似文献
73.
Population-based genetic research, including genetic epidemiology, shows tremendous potential to elucidate the role of genes as causal factors in complex and common human diseases. Like all research with human subjects, full realization of these benefits requires careful attention to its ethical conduct, establishing an appropriate balance between individual protections and the advancement of scientific and medical knowledge. This article reviews the growing literature on genetics research and ethics to describe some of the fundamental ethical issues in population-based genetics research, including research design, recruitment and informed consent, and dealing with research results. Its focus is on areas where consensus is forming and where future work is needed. 相似文献
74.
Magruder JR 《Demography》2011,48(4):1401-1428
HIV risks decline sharply at age 30 for women in South Africa, long before coital frequencies or pregnancies decrease. I evaluate
several prominent behavioral models of HIV, and find that these do not suggest sharply decreasing risks with age. I formulate
a model of spousal search and find that “marital shopping” can generate epidemic HIV prevalence despite low transmission rates
because search behavior interacts with dynamics of HIV infectiousness. The implied age-infection profile closely mimics that
in South Africa, and the suggested behavior matches that reported by South Africans. Condom use in new relationships and transmission
rate reductions are both found to be effective policies and, when used together, eliminate the potential of spousal search
to spread HIV. In contrast, antiretroviral treatment is found to have only a minimal effect on the epidemic. 相似文献
75.
Social Networks and Support,Gender, and Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Hypertension Among Older Adults
Using data from the 2001 NHIS and the 2005–2006 and 2007–2008 NHANES, we examine how self-reporting a previous diagnosis of
hypertension among adults aged 65+ differs by race/ethnicity for men and women; we explore the extent to which disparities
are driven by group differences in social risk factors, particularly social support and integration; and last, whether these
relationships mimic patterns seen for measured hypertension at interview. Findings indicate that rates of ever-diagnosed hypertension
in both samples are highest among black seniors and older women and lowest among Mexican-American men, with the gender gap
lowest among whites and substantially higher among blacks and Mexican-Americans. However, replication analyses of NHANES models
using measured hypertension, instead of a self-report of having ever been diagnosed with hypertension, suggests that reporting
bias and measurement error contribute to observed disparities, as racial/ethnic differences in hypertension rates are smaller
when measured hypertension is examined, especially among women. Logistic regression models also show that while adjusting
for group differences in measures of support and integration mediates some of the disparity in measured hypertension between
Mexican-American and white seniors, adjusting for support and integration amplifies black-white disparities in both ever diagnosed
and measured hypertension—driven primarily by adjustment for attendance at religious services, which reduces hypertension
risk for all older adults but is more commonly reported among black seniors, especially women. 相似文献
76.
Drawing upon the expectancy violation‐realignment theory of autonomy development, this qualitative study examined African American and Hmong adolescent autonomy‐seeking behaviors and parent–child communication about activities and relationships with peers. Twenty‐two African American and 11 Hmong adolescents in grades 6–12 and 14 African American and 8 Hmong primary caregivers were interviewed. Participants discussed their perspectives on adolescent information management regarding activities with friends. Four categories of information management strategies and four primary types of adolescent justifications were identified. Adolescents were pragmatic in their decisions about secretive behaviors but also considered the impact of their behaviors on their relationships with parents. Adolescent strategies were consistent across ethnic groups, whereas justifications for secretive behaviors were embedded within cultural and family experiences. 相似文献
77.
Shane W. Reid Aaron H. Anglin John E. Baur Jeremy C. Short M. Ronald Buckley 《The Leadership Quarterly》2018,29(1):150-164
More than a decade ago, scholars formally conceptualized the potential synergy between leadership and entrepreneurship scholarship. Our work highlights research accomplishments occurring at the interface of these two intellectual areas as well as identifying untapped possibilities for continued research. We highlight how recent efforts have witnessed a mutual exchange of ideas that present opportunities benefiting both fields. Drawing from four key domains of entrepreneurship previously proposed to mutually inform future leadership research efforts, we make suggestions for integrating entrepreneurial opportunities, the roles of individual and entrepreneurial teams, the modes of organizing entrepreneurial ventures, and differing entrepreneurial environments with key trends important to leadership research, such as servant leadership and leader-member exchange theory. Overall, our work provides an assessment of the state of the art surrounding the coalescence of leadership and entrepreneurship research and sets an agenda for the next decade of research at this intersection. 相似文献
78.
79.
Helen L. McLachlan Della A. Forster Sue Kildea Jane Freemantle Jennifer Browne Jeremy Oats Michelle Newton Marika Jackomos Jacqueline Watkins Simone Andy Sue Jacobs Ngaree Blow Karyn Ferguson Catherine Chamberlain Susan Donath Lisa Gold Helena Maher Jenny Ryan Pam McCalman 《Women and birth : journal of the Australian College of Midwives》2017
80.
Richard M. Nixon Anthony O'Hagan Jeremy Oakley Jason Madan John W. Stevens Nick Bansback Alan Brennan 《Pharmaceutical statistics》2009,8(4):371-389
The development of a new drug is a major undertaking and it is important to consider carefully the key decisions in the development process. Decisions are made in the presence of uncertainty and outcomes such as the probability of successful drug registration depend on the clinical development programmme. The Rheumatoid Arthritis Drug Development Model was developed to support key decisions for drugs in development for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It is configured to simulate Phase 2b and 3 trials based on the efficacy of new drugs at the end of Phase 2a, evidence about the efficacy of existing treatments, and expert opinion regarding key safety criteria. The model evaluates the performance of different development programmes with respect to the duration of disease of the target population, Phase 2b and 3 sample sizes, the dose(s) of the experimental treatment, the choice of comparator, the duration of the Phase 2b clinical trial, the primary efficacy outcome and decision criteria for successfully passing Phases 2b and 3. It uses Bayesian clinical trial simulation to calculate the probability of successful drug registration based on the uncertainty about parameters of interest, thereby providing a more realistic assessment of the likely outcomes of individual trials and sequences of trials for the purpose of decision making. In this case study, the results show that, depending on the trial design, the new treatment has assurances of successful drug registration in the range 0.044–0.142 for an ACR20 outcome and 0.057–0.213 for an ACR50 outcome. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献