美国夏威夷州标准化基础教育改革:理念、路径与启示

在美国标准化教育改革思潮和夏威夷独特教育价值观的影响下,夏威夷州开始进行大刀阔斧的标准化基础教育改革.此次改革极具鲜明特色,在规划政策推行、领导团队搭建和配套制度建设三方面的系列措施取得了阶段性成功,但同时也面临着资本过度干预教育的困境.美国夏威夷州的标准化基础教育改革为我国提供了镜鉴.我国基础教育改革需要制定统筹兼顾的教育规划,发掘本土文化的教育价值;集结教育系统的内外力量,设计分工合理的运行框架;设定并行不悖的衡量标准,放宽教育目标的达成方式;发挥宏观调控的积极作用,弥补教育管理的薄弱环节.     

磷酸酯/Fe3+ 型油基冻胶压裂液性能研究

针对磷酸酯/Al3+ 交联的油基压裂液交联速度慢，交联剂溶解性慢、稳定性差和价格高等缺点，首次对磷酸酯/Fe3+ 交联的油基压裂液体系进行了研究。通过对铁交联剂体系的优化，筛选一种磷酸酯/Fe3+ 交联的新型交联剂体系，并对磷酸酯/Fe3+ 油基冻胶压裂液性能进行了评价。结果表明：采用30%Fe2(SO4)3+15% 二乙醇胺+55% 水制备的新型交联剂体系，直接与磷酸酯混合即可形成油基冻胶，其性能不受放置时间的影响，交联速度快，成胶性能好，10 min 就可达到最大黏度；压裂液的抗温抗剪切性能高，与常规铝交联剂体系比较，压裂液成胶速度提高了20 倍，压裂液的抗温能力由原来100 ℃提高到135 ℃，并且压裂液的破胶性和滤失性等性能均能达到压裂施工的要求。     

孔隙介质中滞留聚合物分子的粘弹效应系数

本文在文献[1]的基础上做了进一步的试验研究,发现慢速降压过程流速对时间的依赖关系呈指数曲线形式,同时进行了慢速升压试验,同样发现流速与时间的指数关系。文中对文献[1]定义的附加残余效应系数提出了修改,重新定义为滞留分子粘弹效应系数,对降压过程和升压过程的粘弹效应系数进行了对比。通过岩心出口液浓度数据,证实了文中描述的粘弹效应机理和分子构象改变的物理模型的可靠性。     

关于体育教育专业学生能力培养的研究

通过查阅文献资料和问卷调查反馈,研究分析发现,当前体育教育专业学生能力还不能适应社会发展的需要,且发展不平衡。我们认为,对体育教育专业学生能力的培养应从师德教育、教学表达能力、教学组织能力、教学设计能力、适应教学环境的能力、体育教学自修与改革能力、社会竞争能力等方面下手,使学生的能力在四学年的教学实践活动中,得到有序全面的锻炼和提高、达到最佳培养效果。为他们将来成为合格的、高素质的复合型人才打下坚实的基础。     

A majorization comparison of apportionment methods in proportional representation

From the inception of the proportional representation movement it has been an issue whether larger parties are favored at the expense of smaller parties in one apportionment of seats as compared to another apportionment. A number of methods have been proposed and are used in countries with a proportional representation system. These apportionment methods exhibit a regularity of order, as discussed in the present paper, that captures the preferential treatment of larger versus smaller parties. This order, namely majorization, permits the comparison of seat allocations in two apportionments. For divisor methods, we show that one method is majorized by another method if and only if their signpost ratios are increasing. This criterion is satisfied for the divisor methods with power-mean rounding, and for the divisor methods with stationary rounding. Majorization places the five traditional apportionment methods in the order as they are known to favor larger parties over smaller parties: Adams, Dean, Hill, Webster, and Jefferson. Received: 5 August 2000/Accepted: 24 October 2001     

Worlds come apart: Systems theory versus critical theory. Drama in the history of sociology in the twentieth century

This article places an episode in the history of sociological theory into intellectual history in the twentieth century. The perspective is chronological as well as contextual. The themes are two theoretical approaches, both embedded in both American and German history, Parsonian Systems Theory and “Frankfurt School” Critical Theory. The chronology shown spanned mainly from the 1940s to the 1960s. The context of the two theories is a period that is crucial in twentieth century history. The protagonists of the two approaches were, in the 1940s, Americans and Germans exiled in the United States. In the 1950s, both approaches were affected by McCarthyism in different ways. The 1960s, however, were the culmination. The dynamics of the two approaches led into a schism which came into the open on the occasion of the 1964 German Sociology Conference in Heidelberg celebrating Max Weber. The article shows the stages in the evolution of the schism, emulating three acts in a drama. The final split was over whether Weber or Marx should be the classic whose oeuvre was to influence sociological thinking today. My aim is to exemplify how these two authoritative approaches in sociological theory, far from escaping the vagaries and vicissitudes of their times, were embedded in twentieth-century history.     

Partial strikes under the railway labor act: The need for a doctrine of unprotected concerted activity

In light of use by airline unions of partial-strike tactics, such as concerted refusals to bid for overtime work and so-called ” CHAOS” tactics involving unannounced refusals to fly after passengers have been ticketed and are ready to board, the authors examine whether the Railway Labor Act (RLA) should be interpreted to permit employers to discipline employees for engaging in such tactics, or whether these are a protected form of economic pressure. Although in many respects bargaining duties and economic weapons under the RLA are read consonant with precedents under the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) (which governs all industries other than rail and air transport), there are a few decisions suggesting that during the period when self-help may be resorted to, employees can engage in partial strike activities as long as they violate no court order but are subject to permanent replacement in limited circumstances. These decisions, the authors submit, fail to take account of Supreme Court decsions since the 1930s that some economic pressures by unions, such as slowdowns and sitins, may not violate the labor laws but nor are they protected by those laws so as to immunize partial strikers from employer discipline. These decisions are not based on unique features of the NLRA. Rather, they give recognition to the background assumptions of Congress that employers may act to protect their property interests as long as they do not run afoul of NLRA or RLA protections and that employees who engage in partial-strike activities are subject to employer discipline even where not strictly necessary to maintain operations. Moreover, these tactics skew the bargaining process by giving employees an essentially risk-free gambit to pressure their economic position through planned disruption of carrier operations. Professor Estreicher is also labor and employment counsel to O’Melveny & Myers, LLP. The views expressed herein are the authors’ and should not be attributed to any organization. Hannah Breshin and Tom Jerman of O’Melveny & Myers, assisted the authors with this article. We also thank Professor Herbert Northrup for his helpful comments.     

Netzwerken: Reflexionen und Erfahrungen am Beispiel eines TrainerInnen und BeraterInnen-Netzwerkes

How are social networks organized and how much structure and openess do they have? The ambiguity of networking and the grade of organization are discussed and described theoretically and with an authentic example.     

简朴隐情韵,天然寓奥义——朗费罗与孟浩然自然景物诗比较

本文从美学角度比较分析了美国“新英格兰诗人”亨利·朗费罗与中国唐代隐逸诗人孟浩然的几首自然景物诗 ,旨在解读他们相似的审美情趣和东西美学相通之处。文章指出两位诗人的表层景物描绘下皆隐藏了深沉的价值关怀 ,体现了本然生命与自然生命的相互渗透侵袭 ;传达了他们对人世的顿悟以及对超越时空的生命意识的终极探寻。此外 ,由于来自不同的文化背景 ,经历了不同的生活道路 ,两人对自然的表现方式亦各有特色。     

民族文化、阶级和性别的阅读--中国大陆彝族女商业性性服务者个案研究

文章通过对一位彝族妇女的个案分析,揭示了文化、阶级、性别是如何纠合在一起,作为一种强大的推拉力,迫使一些妇女进入和滞留于商业性性交易中的。