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201.
Biobanks, collecting human specimen, medical records, and lifestyle-related data, face the challenge of having contradictory
missions: on the one hand serving the collective welfare through easy access for medical research, on the other hand adhering
to restrictive privacy expectations of people in order to maintain their willingness to participate in such research. In this
article, ethical frameworks stressing the societal value of low-privacy expectations in order to secure biomedical research
are discussed. It will turn out that neither utilitarian nor communitarian or classical libertarian ethics frameworks will
help to serve both goals. Instead, John Rawls’ differentiation of the “right” and the “good” is presented in order to illustrate
the possibility of “serving two masters”: individual interests of privacy, and societal interests of scientific progress and
intergenerational justice. In order to illustrate this counterbalancing concept with an example, the five-pillar concept of
the German Ethics Council will be briefly discussed. 相似文献
202.
Johan Glad Ulla Jergeby Carina Gustafsson Karin Sonnander 《Child & Family Social Work》2012,17(1):23-33
Clinical utility of an assessment instrument can provide important information about the potential value of that instrument when used in practice. The aim of this study was to describe social work practitioners' experiences of the clinical utility of a Swedish version of the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) Inventory. Because knowledge of clinical utility in this area is scarce, a qualitative method based on semi‐structured interviews was used to gain a deeper understanding of the phenomenon. Data were collected through 16 interviews and then analysed by qualitative manifest content analysis. The analysis yielded five categories: improves quality of child protection investigations, supports practitioners, HOME has drawbacks and difficulties, certain issues are important for future applications and basic conditions are crucial. The findings supported the clinical utility of the HOME Inventory though some critical issues have to be addressed, especially concerning the category basic conditions are crucial. A thorough education, the possibility to practice activities related to the administration of the method and support from management were found to be essential. Replication and further studies are needed in the Swedish context to confirm the applicability of the HOME Inventory. 相似文献
203.
204.
Johan Vamstad 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》2012,23(4):1173-1188
This article compares results from a study of service quality in cooperative and municipal preschools. The parent cooperative and municipal childcare represents two different schools of thought with regard to service quality. The municipal services have a strong tradition of professionalism in which user participation is not allowed to interfere with the qualified work performed by trained professionals. The parent cooperatives have another tradition in which service quality is developed in a dialogue between users and staff while they co-produce the services together. The former tradition is the dominant one in the Swedish welfare state while the latter is an exception. The conclusion of the article is that service quality is better in the parent cooperative childcare in spite of the widespread assumption in Sweden that service quality is close to synonymous with professionalism. 相似文献
205.
Johan Fellman 《Social Choice and Welfare》2009,33(2):335-342
This article reconsiders the effect of variable transformations on the redistribution of income. If the theorems hold for
all income distributions, previously given conditions are both necessary and sufficient. Different versions of the conditions
are compared and their equivalence are stated. It is proved that the continuity of the transformations can be implicitly included
in the necessary and sufficient conditions. In general, continuity is a realistic restriction when the theory is applied to
transfer problems. The effect of dropping the explicit continuity restriction on the transformations is analysed, since situations
in which discontinuity can be assumed are also considered. The analyses have yielded the fundamental result that continuity
is a necessary condition if income inequality persists or is reduced. 相似文献
206.
Gaohong Dong Bo Huang Duolao Wang Johan Verbeeck Jiuzhou Wang David C. Hoaglin 《Pharmaceutical statistics》2021,20(3):440-450
For composite outcomes whose components can be prioritized on clinical importance, the win ratio, the net benefit and the win odds apply that order in comparing patients pairwise to produce wins and subsequently win proportions. Because these three statistics are derived using the same win proportions and they test the same hypothesis of equal win probabilities in the two treatment groups, we refer to them as win statistics. These methods, particularly the win ratio and the net benefit, have received increasing attention in methodological research and in design and analysis of clinical trials. For time-to-event outcomes, however, censoring may introduce bias. Previous work has shown that inverse-probability-of-censoring weighting (IPCW) can correct the win ratio for bias from independent censoring. The present article uses the IPCW approach to adjust win statistics for dependent censoring that can be predicted by baseline covariates and/or time-dependent covariates (producing the CovIPCW-adjusted win statistics). Theoretically and with examples and simulations, we show that the CovIPCW-adjusted win statistics are unbiased estimators of treatment effect in the presence of dependent censoring. 相似文献
207.
Cho Seonghun Katayama Shota Lim Johan Choi Young-Geun 《AStA Advances in Statistical Analysis》2021,105(4):601-627
AStA Advances in Statistical Analysis - The covariance matrix, which should be estimated from the data, plays an important role in many multivariate procedures, and its positive definiteness... 相似文献
208.
The penalized quasi-likelihood (PQL) approach is the most common estimation procedure for the generalized linear mixed model (GLMM). However, it has been noticed that the PQL tends to underestimate variance components as well as regression coefficients in the previous literature. In this article, we numerically show that the biases of variance component estimates by PQL are systematically related to the biases of regression coefficient estimates by PQL, and also show that the biases of variance component estimates by PQL increase as random effects become more heterogeneous. 相似文献
209.
C. Johan Dourleijn 《统计学通讯:理论与方法》2013,42(7):1829-1847
At one site and year often numerous variety trials are performed. Sometimes these trials only have a small number of control varieties in common. It is possible to obtain best linear unbiased estimators (BLUEs) of estimable linear combinations of the variety parameters without analysing the joint observations of all trials as a whole. The unbiased local estimator of the contrast between the parameter of a new variety and the average of the parameters of the control varieties, calculated at a single trial, can be improved to the BLUE with information from the other trials. This improvement represents a contrast of contrasts between control variety parameters at the various trials. In some situations the local estimator is already the BLUE, e.g. if only one control variety is used or in case of variance-balanced designs. 相似文献
210.
Susanna Lehvävirta D. Johan Kotze Jari Niemelä Meri Mäntysaari Bob O'Hara 《Urban Ecosystems》2006,9(1):13-26
We studied the effects of fragmentation (edge effects and patch size) and trampling (path cover) on carabid beetle assemblages
in urban woodland patches in Helsinki, Finland. We expected that (1) open habitat and generalist species would benefit and
forest species would suffer from increased woodland fragmentation, and (2) most carabid species would respond negatively to
increased levels of trampling. A total of 2088 carabid individuals representing 37 species were collected. A cluster analysis
distinguished sites in the interior of large woodland patches, with low or moderate path cover, from the other sites. The
other sites did not cluster meaningfully, suggesting increased variation in the carabid fauna with increasing human impact.
All species and ecological species-groups decreased with increasing distance from the edge toward the woodland interior and
with increasing patch size. This pattern is in accordance with our expectation for open habitat and generalist species but
opposite to what we expected for forest species. The reason for these surprising results may be that (1) the species we collected
are not true forest interior species, (2) urban woodland edges are optimal habitats for many forest carabids, or (3) edges
are actually sub-optimal, and high catches simply reflect increased activity of beetles moving away from the edge. Trampling
did not have an overall negative effect on carabids as hypothesized. Species associated with moist forest habitat responded
as predicted: they decreased in abundance with increasing path cover. Furthermore, open habitat species decreased with increasing
path cover but more straightforward than we had predicted. Model elaboration, by dropping the highly trampled sites from the
analyses, suggested that our data of high trampling may be too scarce: the results without these sites were more in accordance
with our predictions than with the full dataset. 相似文献