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981.
982.
This paper addresses the problem of improving the polyhedral representation of a certain class of machine scheduling problems. Despite the poor polyhedral representation of many such problems in general, it is shown that notably tighter linear programming representations can be obtained for many important models. In particular, we study the polyhedral structure of two different mixed-integer programming formulations of the flow shop scheduling problem with sequence-dependent setup times, denoted by SDST flow shop. The first is related to the asymmetric traveling salesman problem (ATSP) polytope. The second is less common and is derived from a model proposed by Srikar and Ghosh based on the linear ordering problem (LOP) polytope. The main contribution of this work is the proof that any facet-defining inequality (facet) of either of these polytopes (ATSP and LOP) induces a facet for the corresponding SDST flow shop polyhedron. The immediate benefit of this result is that all developments to date on facets and valid inequalities for both the ATSP and the LOP can be applied directly to the machine scheduling polytope. In addition, valid mixed-integer inequalities based on variable upper-bound flow inequalities for either model are developed as well. The derived cuts are evaluated within a branch-and-cut framework. 相似文献
983.
Paul J. Hartung Beverly J. Vandiver Frederick T. L. Leong Mark Pope Spencer G. Niles Beverly Farrow 《The Career development quarterly》1998,46(3):276-293
Career-Development Assessment and Counseling (C-DAC) systematically bridges career theory and practice. Integrating differential, developmental, and phenomenological methods, the C-DAC model uses a comprehensive career assessment battery to help clients explore their roles, developmental stages and tasks, career attitudes and knowledge, values, and interests within their unique life contexts. The authors recommend elaborating the C-DAC model to formally appraise cultural identity in step one of the model and to consider cultural identity concerns throughout the C-DAC process. This should help counselors more clearly understand how cultural factors influence people's career development and vocational behavior. 相似文献
984.
985.
Despite the highly disrupted nature of abandoned industrial sites, they have significant human and ecological value. Ecological recovery at such sites is determined by complex interactions between natural factors and anthropogenic influences. Here we describe the land-use history and ecology of a former industrial wasteland. The spatial and temporal distribution of human disturbance at the study site included early farming, clay mining, brick making and landfilling, activities which have had profound and lasting ecological impacts resulting in a diverse but highly disrupted successional mosaic. Understanding the postdisturbance ecological recovery at this site has required a knowledge of natural factors such as slope, soil types and bedrock geology and hydrology, coupled with a detailed knowledge of the land-use history. Compared to recovery trajectories from many types of natural disturbance, ecological change at this site has been slower and more variable. Understanding ecological history has been crucial in projecting future changes as well as in making wise decisions about use and management practices for the site. 相似文献
986.
"We describe a methodology for estimating the accuracy of dual systems estimates (DSE's) of population, census estimates of population, and estimates of undercount in the census. The DSE's are based on the census and a post-enumeration survey (PES). We apply the methodology to the 1988 dress rehearsal census of St. Louis and east-central Missouri and we discuss its applicability to the 1990 [U.S.] census and PES. The methodology is based on decompositions of the total (or net) error into components, such as sampling error, matching error, and other nonsampling errors. Limited information about the accuracy of certain components of error, notably failure of assumptions in the 'capture-recapture' model, but others as well, lead us to offer tentative estimates of the errors of the census, DSE, and undercount estimates for 1988. Improved estimates are anticipated for 1990." Comments are included by Eugene P. Ericksen and Joseph B. Kadane (pp. 855-7) and Kenneth W. Wachter and Terence P. Speed (pp. 858-61), as well as a rejoinder by Mulry and Spencer (pp. 861-3). 相似文献
987.
"The Office of the Actuary, U.S. Social Security Administration, produces alternative forecasts of mortality to reflect uncertainty about the future.... In this article we identify the components and assumptions of the official forecasts and approximate them by stochastic parametric models. We estimate parameters of the models from past data, derive statistical intervals for the forecasts, and compare them with the official high-low intervals. We use the models to evaluate the forecasts rather than to develop different predictions of the future. Analysis of data from 1972 to 1985 shows that the official intervals for mortality forecasts for males or females aged 45-70 have approximately a 95% chance of including the true mortality rate in any year. For other ages the chances are much less than 95%." 相似文献
988.
989.
Jonathan H. Turner 《Sociological inquiry》2010,80(2):168-199
Like all valued resources, positive and negative emotions are unequally distributed in a society and constitute an important basis of social stratification. In this article, a general conceptual scheme and a more specific theory of emotions are employed to offer a preliminary explanation of the dynamics of emotional stratification. This theory attempts to explain which specific positive and negative emotions will be aroused and distributed across the social class system as well as among members of differentially evaluated social categories. The theory emphasizes the importance of repression and subsequent attribution processes as central to understanding the nature, intensity, and distribution of negative emotions among individuals in lower social classes and devalued social categories. By viewing emotions as not just reactions to the unequal distribution of other resources but, rather, as a valued or punishing resource in their own right, it becomes possible to better understand how micro‐level dynamics occurring in face‐to‐face encounters are affected by, and have effects on, meso‐level and macro‐level social structures and their respective cultures. In particular, the distribution of emotions can help account for both the processes of legitimatization of macrostructures and, at the same time, de‐legitimization of, and collective action against, macrostructures. This analysis of emotions questions much recent theorizing and commentary, often within postmodern analysis, about the authenticity of people’s emotions in contemporary society. The stratification of emotions is as real as inequality in money and power, and it has significant effects on the dynamics of human societies. 相似文献
990.
In keeping with recent critiques of literature on the body and the life course, the argument of this paper is that social identities can, to a certain extent, be constructed post‐mortem and in the absence of a living body. The authors make this case with reference to a sociological autopsy study of a hundred suicide case files in a coroner's office in a medium‐sized British city. The research draws on ethnographic approaches to the study of documents. There is discussion of some of the diverse artefacts in the coroners' files: medical reports, witness statements and suicide notes. The identity work revealed in these sources is as much about the living as the dead and is especially bound up in the process of avoiding blame. 相似文献