关于孟子思想之新诠释--以政治思想为中心

孟子的“仁义论”是综合原始儒家的“仁”论与前期墨家“义”论而形成,但是孟子将“仁义”概念结合于他的“心性”概念,从而创造出新的涵义。由此,孟子政治哲学确立了超阶级的普遍性与道德对于世俗权利的优越性。我们将具备此含义的孟子之政治思想称为仁义的政治思想。我们将从以下三个方面进行探讨:仁义政治思想的基本内涵;构成仁义政治思想的思维方式;以及其思维方式所蕴涵的意义与问题。     

GENETIC VARIATION IN VOLUNTEERISM

Research has shown that prosocial behaviors of various kinds are passed from generation to generation, but the role played by genetics in the transmission of volunteerism has been unexplored. Data from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) Twins and Siblings samples are used to estimate genetic heritability of hours volunteered per month. Although unique environmental factors of the kind sociologists have traditionally focused upon account for most of the variance, women do owe some of their disposition to perform volunteer work to their genes. There is no genetic effect for men.     

In Social Capital We Trust?

It has been widely postulated in the literature that social capital is positively related to or is the same as trust. The present study presents three theoretical perspectives regarding how individual and organizational social capital may be related to network trust and generalized trust: the compositional element (Putnam), functional equivalence (Fukuyama), and mutual independence (Lin). To each of these perspectives we allocated distinct measures of individual and organizational network mechanisms considering their operational definition of social capital. Using nationally representative data sets from the United States and China, we developed a comparative research design through which the three perspectives were put into an empirical test. In conclusion, we found that the compositional element perspective is most prone to cross-national contingencies, whereas the mutual independence perspective is freer from such contextual influences. In particular, the positive association between number of membership in voluntary associations (organizational social capital) and generalized trust exists only in the United States, whereas individual social capital based on network diversity and resources is unrelated to generalized trust in neither country. Lastly, the functional equivalence perspective does not get empirical support from the data, particularly with regard to the proposed negative relationship between network closure and generalized trust. These findings challenge the assumptions concerning the positive association or equivalence between social capital and trust in the literature.

     

Cross-national comparison of social support structures between Taiwan and the United States

The study compares the effects of structural bases and functional elements of social support on mental health in Taiwan and the United States, using the study conducted in the United States by Lin, Ye, and Ensel (1999) as a reference. Based on a nationally representative sample of Taiwanese adults (n = 2,835), a fundamental similarity in social support structure and function between the two countries was observed. First, the structural bases of social support had a hierarchical order in their effects on depression: Binding (presence of an intimate relationship) was the strongest in reducing depression, whereas belonging (community participation) was the weakest, with bonding (social networks) in between. Regarding the functional elements, perceived social support was a better protector of mental health than actual social support, a finding in line with previous research. On the other hand, several notable differences in the structural bases and functional elements of social support between the two societies were observed, possibly due to the differential cultural and historical characteristics.