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141.
Research shows that growing up in a single-parent family has a negative effect on children’s educational level, whereas the relationship between family structure and test scores is less consistent or even nonexistent in some countries. Some authors suggested that something besides cognitive ability is responsible for the poorer school outcomes of children from nonintact families. In this study, we focus on a noncognitive outcome, in this case student tardiness, which is one of the components of problematic absenteeism. Using PISA 2003 data from Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States, we find that children who grow up in a single-mother family have greater chances of arriving late for school in 16 of the 17 countries analyzed. Some studies have analyzed the extent to which the effect of growing up in a single-mother family is compensated by a high level of family resources. However, these yield mixed findings, which can be attributed to the differences between the countries studied. With the exception of Bernardi and Radl (2014), to our knowledge no study analyzes the heterogeneity of family structure effects using a cross-national approach. We find that in most of the 17 countries analyzed, a high level of family resources, such as home possessions, cultural resources, mother’s occupational and educational level, and mother’s type of work, do not compensate for the harmful effects of growing up in a single-mother family on children’s school tardiness. 相似文献
142.
Internal migration is a key driver of patterns of human settlement and socio-economic development, but little is known about its compositional impacts. Exploiting the wide availability of census data, we propose a method to quantify the internal migration impacts on local population structures, and estimate these impacts for eight large Latin American cities. We show that internal migration generally had small feminizing, downgrading educational, and demographic window effects: reducing the local sex ratio, lowering the average years of schooling, and raising the share of working-age population due to an increased young adult population. Over time, a rise in the proportion of males and a drop in the share of the young adult population moving into cities reduced the feminizing and demographic window effects. Concurrently, a rise in the average years of schooling associated with people moving into cities attenuated the downgrading impact of internal migration on local education levels. 相似文献
143.
Blagica Petreski Despina Tumanoska Jorge Dávalos Marjan Petreski 《International migration (Geneva, Switzerland)》2018,56(5):26-41
Macedonia receives about 10 per cent of GDP as cash remittances per year while a third of the population faces poverty. The study aims to investigate whether remittances improve the poverty and health of individual remittance‐receivers in Macedonia. To that end, we rely on the 2008 Remittances’ Survey and a sequential structural model linking remittances to social indicators. We find that remittances have a significant effect oto consumption, in particular health consumption, hence contribute to reducing poverty. In turn, improved health consumption significantly reduces the incidence of bad health among receivers. This finding lends support to the claim that remittances serve an informal social protection in Macedonia. 相似文献
144.
José Devís-Devís Sofía Pereira-García Alexandra Valencia-Peris Jorge Fuentes-Miguel Elena López-Cañada Víctor Pérez-Samaniego 《Journal of homosexuality》2017,64(2):239-255
This article describes the harassment patterns and the risk profile in trans people living in Spain. A sample of 212 trans persons, aged 10–62, participated in this cross-sectional study. Results showed a high percentage of harassment (59.9%) and frequency of daily harassment (12.6%), especially verbal attacks (59%) that occurred in public spaces (49.1%) and within educational contexts (46.2%). Harassment is more prevalent in trans women than men. Those who disclose their gender identities at a younger age experience higher percentages and frequency of harassment than those who disclose at an older age. They also suffer more harassment of different types. The risk profile of harassment indicates that older trans women are more likely to suffer harassment than younger ones, and the risk decreases each year they delay their gender identity disclosure. The elimination of transphobic attitudes and the promotion of gender justice should be priority strategies in Spain. 相似文献
145.
Francisco Ródenas Rigla Gustavo Castillo Rozas Carla Vidal Figueroa Jorge Garcés Ferrer 《Social indicators research》2017,130(1):253-276
For this study, a comprehensive test was conducted on the net effects of age and cohort on political satisfaction in Hong Kong. We use a newly developed methodology of Age–Period–Cohort analysis known as the Cross-Classified Random Effects Model and a pooled dataset of repeated cross-sectional surveys from 1997 to 2014. The findings reveal a U-shaped relationship between age and political satisfaction, in which the level of satisfaction of the youth is between that of the middle-aged and elderly, while the middle-aged express the least satisfaction and the elderly have the highest level of satisfaction. However, cohort effects are relatively weak. There is no evidence that later cohorts are less satisfied than earlier cohorts. These results indicate that the new generation is more politically dissatisfied due to their age rather than their cohort. We also find that period effects interact with age and cohort effects. The recent decline in the political satisfaction of 20-year-olds and of the cohort born in 1986 or later is more pronounced than that of older people and earlier birth cohorts. Under the rule of the current Chief Executive, young people were found to be much more dissatisfied than older people. The rise in the price of housing in recent years has also sharpened the differences in political satisfaction between those of different ages and cohorts. 相似文献
146.
Jorge Morales Pedraza 《Public Organization Review》2017,17(2):211-235
Disarmament measures included in the Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT) are, for most of the nuclear-weapon states, an objective to be reached in a very long-term. Based on this position, the current nuclear-weapon states parties to the NPT believe that they do not have to show, at this stage, the necessary political will to begin the nuclear disarmament process at the multilateral level and under international supervision, as requested so many times by the international community on the basis of article VI of the NPT. For this reason, all of them are in the process of modernising their nuclear weapons arsenals, ignoring their commitments and obligations as NPT states parties. 相似文献
147.
Ana R. S. Silva Caio L. N. Azevedo Jorge L. Bazn Juvêncio S. Nobre 《Journal of applied statistics》2021,48(11):1998
Studies of risk perceived using continuous scales of [0,100] were recently introduced in psychometrics, which can be transformed to the unit interval, but the presence of zeros or ones are commonly observed. Motivated by this, we introduce a full inferential set of tools that allows for augmented and limited data modeling. We considered parameter estimation, residual analysis, influence diagnostic and model selection for zero-and/or-one augmented beta rectangular (ZOABR) regression models and their particular nested models, which is based on a new parameterization of the beta rectangular distribution. Different from other alternatives, we performed maximum-likelihood estimation using a combination of the EM algorithm (for the continuous part) and Fisher scoring algorithm (for the discrete part). Also, we perform an additional step, by considering other link functions, besides the usual logistic link, for modeling the response mean. By considering randomized quantile residuals, (local) influence diagnostics and model selection tools, we identified that the ZOABR regression model is the best one. We also conducted extensive simulations studies, which indicate that all developed tools work properly. Finally, we discuss the use of this type of models to treat psychometric data. It is worthwhile to mention that applications of the developed methods go beyond to Psychometric data. Indeed, they can be useful when the response variable in bounded, including or not the respective limits. 相似文献
148.
Exurban land use growth has been documented for at least thirty years in various regions around the world. Land use planners
and land use/land cover change researchers have been concerned about the low-density residential developments scattered on
a natural or agricultural matrix, due to their ecological and environmental impacts. In this paper, exurban sprawl in the
Pampas ecoregion (Buenos Aires province, Argentina), is characterized and assessments are taken of the magnitude of two important
consequences: agricultural land conversion, and excess CO2 emission resulting from commute. The exurban developments concentrate between 50 and 70 km from Buenos Aires city, mainly
at walking distances from compact towns, from 1 to 6 km of main roads, and no further than 25 km from them. Most of the exurban
developments are located on the higher elevations in the study area (25 to 30 m above sea level). Even though exurban land
use covers a very small proportion of land, the results show a tendency for conversion of land in the highest soil productivity
capacity classes. While the best agricultural lands accounted for 29% of the land in the study area, it accounted for 54%
of the exurban development. Preference of exurban land use conversion for good quality agricultural soils is observed even
in those counties with a scarcity of good soils. However, there are great differences among counties in the relative proportion
of land converted to exurban land use in each soil productivity capacity class. At the county level, from 0 to 100% of the
highest production capacity lands have been converted to exurban uses, regardless of the proportion of land in each soil productivity
capacity class for individual counties. Excess CO2 equivalents emission was calculated for both the actual and the potencial number of households in the exurban developments.
According to the automobile marque, range and fuel type, the actual emission ranges from 81,065 to 190,446 tons/year, and
the potential from 296,643 to 696,908 tons/year. The excess emission per household is higher than that produced by domestic
energy consumption within the Buenos Aires city during the same time period. The amount of CO2 emitted in a year by personal vehicle transportation, in the study area, is equivalent to that captured by 16,000 ha of temperate
forests or 27,600 ha of temperate grasslands during the same time period.
相似文献
Jorge MorelloEmail: |
149.
In this paper, we present a Bayesian analysis of exponential power mixture models in the presence of a covariate. Considering Gibbs sampling with MetropolisHastings algorithms, we obtain Monte Carlo estimates for the posterior quantities of interest. 相似文献
150.
This work encourages the exercise of consideration, observation and critical reading of the design of handbags and the relation to the conditions imposed by tropical climate. Our purpose is to highlight some critical and conceptual thoughts on the matter of the design of fashion accessories in Brazil, ergonomics and aesthetic- functional relation. Through physical concepts is possible to propose consistents solutions compatible with the reality of the costumers living on Brazilian coast. 相似文献