Nonverbal expectancy violations and conversational involvement

A central feature of nonverbal expectancy violations theory is that unexpected behaviors trigger a cognitive-affective appraisal of such behavior, leading to a valencing of the behavior(s) as positive or negative. It has been proposed that communicator reward mediates the interpretation and evaluation of such violations but may be more important when the violative act is ambiguous in meaning than when it is not. Unclear is whether nonverbal behavioral composites introduce greater or less equivocality of interpretation. Two experiments employing multi-cue conversational involvement violations addressed this issue. In the first, dyads (N=51) engaged in a 10-minute baseline interview, after which participants rated each other on several measures of reward valence. One randomly selected member then served as a confederate interviewee during a second interview and either significantly increased or decreased involvement. In the second experiment, reward was manipulated as physical attractiveness, status, and task expertise. Dyads (N = 60) engaged in prolonged problem-solving discussions during which the confederates either committed an involvement violation or not. In both experiments, the involvement changes were sufficiently unexpected, arousing, and distracting to qualify as violations of expectations. Analysis of message interpretations indicated that (1) relative to normal involvement levels, increased nonverbal involvement was interpreted as most immediate/affectionate, receptive, similar, dominant, and composed, and decreased involvement as least so, and (2) reward mediated only the interpretation of formality. High involvement violations in turn produced greater attraction, credibility, and persuasiveness than low involvement violations for high as well as low-reward communicators, as predicted.where Joe Walther and Jim Baesler are doctoral students. An earlier version of this paper was presented to the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, New Orleans, May 1988.     

农村老年人精神文化需求调查

目前,我国农村的老年人主要存在三大需求,即养老保障需求、医疗保障需求和精神文化需求。其中精神文化需求处于农村老年人生命需求的最高层次。在实地调查的基础上,对浙江农村老年人的精神文化需求做出较为深入细致的研究分析。从制度安排、社会支持、自身设计和现实基础等四个方面提出具体对策思考与建议。     

Exposure to occupational violence and the buffering effects of intra-oranizational support

This paper presents a conceptually distinct analysis of the data first reported by Leather et al. Specifically, it investigates the effects of exposure to a variety of forms of work-related violence upon work attitudes and general well-being within a sample of UK public house licensees—individuals who manage public houses and hold the licence permitting the sale of alcoholic drinks on the premises. In addition, it examines the role of social support in moderating such effects. Based upon a sample of 242 licensees, it reports a consistent interaction between exposure to such violence and the availability of perceived intra-organizational support in determining the size of any negative effects upon individual well-being, job satisfaction and organizational commitment. It is argued that exposure to all forms of work-related violence, including intimidation, verbal abuse and threat, should be seen as a potential stressor within the work environment, the negative effects of which are buffered by perceived support from within the organization, but not by that perceived to be available from informal sources such as family and friends.     

The Persistence of Outmoded Contraceptive Regimes: The Cases of Mexico and Brazil

Two of the most striking characteristics of contraceptive practice in the world today are the wide variation in patterns of use across countries and the tendency of the distribution of use by method to persist or narrow, even as new methods become available. The argument advanced in this article is that the disposition to commit to a reduced range of methods results from positive feedback in the process of contraceptive choice, and follows the logic of path dependence. The positive feedback derives, in large part, from social interaction among both the providers and the users of contraceptive methods. The persistence of outmoded contraceptive regimes is illustrated with the experience of Mexico and Brazil. In each case, it is argued that the conditions, events, and policies in the early stage of the adoption process have had a determinant bearing on the contraceptive practice prevailing in the late 1990s.     

梭罗自然意识的来源

康科德镇是梭罗的出生地,正是这片土地使他与自然建立起了亲密的关系。在这里,梭罗受到爱默生及其超验主义思想的影响并把这一思想运用到人与自然关系的思考中。他在瓦尔登湖畔生活了两年多,在此期间与自然的亲密接触使他的自然意识日趋成熟。     

诗化与自毁——哈姆雷特悲剧探源

诗化意识本身并没有直接导致哈姆雷特的悲剧,但却赋予了他独特的生存状态和世界观,进而影响了他在命运面前的选择。深入探索诗化意识在哈姆雷特悲剧中的意义,是理解整部作品的关键。     

研究生心理素质教育现状及对策探析

加强研究生心理素质教育对于提高高校研究生整体素质将起到巨大的推动作用,但由于目前对于研究生心理素质教育认识不够,管理教育措施不到位,使得相关制度不够健全.因此,高校应加大对研究生心理素质教育研究的力度,制定研究生心理素质评价指标体系,并建立一支心理素质好的专业教育队伍,同时,发挥研究生心理素质教育社团的作用,以促进研究生心理素质教育工作顺利开展.     

时装绘画表现技法教学研究

时装画是对时装设计形象化的视觉传达和对时装艺术化的表现形式;时装画与时装设计是相互关联,互为因果的。时装画依靠的是绘画技巧,通过技巧将自己脑海中的设计构思展现在纸上。时装画要求设计师在很短的时间内就能运用相对简单的形状来表达人物的体态乃至内在的精神等内容。因此,"表现技巧"是否运用得成功是成为考验设计师功力的一个重要的专业要素。     

中国大学战略绩效评价探析——基于平衡计分卡理论的研究

本文基于平衡计分卡的思路和方法,以大学的发展战略和办学使命为出发点,聚焦于人才培养和科技创新,以资源的获取与有效利用为平衡点,以战略执行能力提升为基点,构建了我国大学战略绩效评价体系,旨在有助于更新战略思维,有效提升大学战略执行能力、整体素质与竞争能力。     

Optimal Bayesian Randomization

Randomization is a puzzle for Bayesians. The intuitive need for randomization is clear, but there is a standard result that Bayesians need not randomize. In this paper we propose a model in which randomization is a strictly optimal procedure. The most important aspect of our model is that there are several parties who make different decisions and observe different data. The result also sheds light on the ethical considerations involving randomization in a clinical trial.