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661.
Our analyses examine the role neighborhood structural characteristics--including concentrated disadvantage, residential instability, and immigrant concentration--as well as collective efficacy in promoting physical health among neighborhood residents. Using data from the 1990 census, the 1994 Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods Community Survey, and the 1991-2000 Metropolitan Chicago Information Center-Metro Survey, we model the effects of individual and neighborhood level factors on self-rated physical health employing hierarchical ordered logit models. First, we find that neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage is not significantly related to self-rated physical health when individual level demographic and health background are controlled. Second, individuals residing in neighborhoods with higher levels of collective efficacy report better overall health. Finally, socioeconomic disadvantage and collective efficacy condition the positive effects of individual level education on physical health. 相似文献
662.
We evaluated the interactive influences of attentional state and attentional inertia on infants' level of attentional engagement. We assessed infants' distraction latencies longitudinally at 6.5 and 9 months as they explored toys, and we coded both their attentional state (focused vs. casual) and how long they had been looking at the toy at each distractor onset. Consistent with previous results, both attentional state and attentional inertia contributed to differences in distraction latency. Importantly, the level of attentional engagement was interactively determined by attentional state and attentional inertia. Infants were most resistant to distraction when they were judged to be in a state of focused attention following relatively long looks to the toy, and they were equivalently less resistant to distraction under all other conditions. These results are consistent with a general conceptualization of attentional engagement resulting from the interaction of multiple processes. 相似文献
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664.
Emotion Knowledge Skills in Low-income Elementary School Children: Associations with Social Status and Peer Experiences 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Alison L. Miller Kathleen Kiely Gouley Ronald Seifer Audrey Zakriski Maria Eguia Michael Vergnani 《Social Development》2005,14(4):637-651
This short‐term longitudinal study examined relations between emotion knowledge and social functioning in a sample of low‐income kindergarten and 1st graders. Individual differences in spontaneous emotion naming and emotion recognition skills were used to predict children's social functioning at school, including peer‐nominated sociometric status, and child self‐reports of negative experiences with peers in school (peer victimization and rejection). Children who had greater emotional vocabulary and recognized emotions more accurately had better outcomes in all areas, and many of the associations between fall emotion knowledge skills and spring social functioning outcomes held after covarying grade and children's previous status with regard to these outcomes. Results are discussed with regard to implications for prevention and intervention programs (e.g., the PATHS curriculum) that focus on teaching emotion knowledge skills in order to foster high‐risk children's social competence. 相似文献
665.
666.
667.
Quasi-Bayesian Analysis Using Imprecise Probability Assessments And The Generalized Bayes’ Rule 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The generalized Bayes’ rule (GBR) can be used to conduct ‘quasi-Bayesian’ analyses when prior beliefs are represented by imprecise
probability models. We describe a procedure for deriving coherent imprecise probability models when the event space consists
of a finite set of mutually exclusive and exhaustive events. The procedure is based on Walley’s theory of upper and lower
prevision and employs simple linear programming models. We then describe how these models can be updated using Cozman’s linear
programming formulation of the GBR. Examples are provided to demonstrate how the GBR can be applied in practice. These examples
also illustrate the effects of prior imprecision and prior-data conflict on the precision of the posterior probability distribution. 相似文献
668.
Long-term effects of teaching behavioral strategies for managing persistent auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Buccheri R Trygstad L Dowling G Hopkins R White K Griffin JJ Henderson S Suciu L Hippe S Kaas MJ Covert C Hebert P 《Journal of psychosocial nursing and mental health services》2004,42(1):18-27
1. Attendance at a 10-week class designed to teach behavioral management strategies to people with schizophrenia was effective in reducing some of the negative characteristics of auditory hallucinations for 12 months and in reducing anxiety for 9 months after completion of the class. 2. The sustained improvement experienced by class participants was characterized by their voices being less frequent and more mumbled and the participants feeling more in control, less distractible, and less anxious. 3. Participants recommended that other mental health consumers take similar classes to learn how to better manage their voices. 4. Monthly support groups may help participants maintain gains lost during the follow-up period. 相似文献
669.
Members of an HIV-prevention research network were asked to describe ethical challenges faced in their work. Major themes included acceptable standards of care for participants, defining research of relevance to host countries, reducing risks related to stigma, designing research that meets local needs without contributing to an inadequate status quo, and ensuring informed consent for complex research with potentially vulnerable participants. The challenges are interrelated and highlight the need for innovative, practical strategies to be incorporated into the planning, design, and conduct of HIV prevention trials. Research in applied ethics to support decision-making about HIV prevention research is needed, along with ethics training, mechanisms to support community-wide benefit from research, and expanded dialog on ethics surrounding HIV prevention and public health research. 相似文献
670.
Using a treatment-seeking sample of adult female survivors of childhood sexual abuse, the relationships between coping strategies, personality disorders (PD) and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) were explored. A variety of PDs were found to exist in this population, with avoidant, antisocial, dependent PDs having higher frequencies than borderline PD. Avoidant coping and PTSD severity significantly correlated with many of these PDs. PTSD severity and avoidant coping were also significantly correlated. Additionally, women with PTSD displayed higher rates of avoidant and dependent PDs, as well as more avoidant coping, than did women without PTSD. Results support a more complex conceptualization of the trauma-related symptoms that occur in adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse that incorporate the relationships between avoidant coping, personality disorders, and PTSD. 相似文献