Leveraging risk assessment for foodborne outbreak investigations: The Quantitative Risk Assessment-Epidemic Curve Prediction Model

Root cause analysis can be used in foodborne illness outbreak investigations to determine the underlying causes of an outbreak and to help identify actions that could be taken to prevent future outbreaks. We developed a new tool, the Quantitative Risk Assessment-Epidemic Curve Prediction Model (QRA-EC), to assist with these goals and applied it to a case study to investigate and illustrate the utility of leveraging quantitative risk assessment to provide unique insights for foodborne illness outbreak root cause analysis. We used a 2019 Salmonella outbreak linked to melons as a case study to demonstrate the utility of this model (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2019). The model was used to evaluate the impact of various root cause hypotheses (representing different contamination sources and food safety system failures in the melon supply chain) on the predicted number and timeline of illnesses. The predicted number of illnesses varied by contamination source and was strongly impacted by the prevalence and level of Salmonella contamination on the surface/inside of whole melons and inside contamination niches on equipment surfaces. The timeline of illnesses was most strongly impacted by equipment sanitation efficacy for contamination niches. Evaluations of a wide range of scenarios representing various potential root causes enabled us to identify which hypotheses, were likely to result in an outbreak of similar size and illness timeline to the 2019 Salmonella melon outbreak. The QRA-EC framework can be adapted to accommodate any food–pathogen pairs to provide insights for foodborne outbreak investigations.     

基于政策工具视角的我国众创政策量化分析

政策工具既是众创经济发展的关键因素和基本保证，也是众创社会治理的重要手段和有效途径。基于政策工具视域，对选取的32份我国众创经济政策进行定量分析，开展政策样本选择、分析单元定义、众创频度统计和分析框架制定，并从众创政策工具和众创经济模式两个维度实证剖析我国众创政策现状问题。研究发现，众创政策主要以通知和意见为主，政策力度及系统性欠缺，众创法律相对分散层级不高；环境型和供给型政策工具失衡，策略措施和目标规划这两类政策存在明显真空地带，需求型政策工具缺位；相比众扶和众筹政策工具使用优势，众包模式稍显劣势。据此提出保证政策系统联动，完善众创法律体系，推广四类众创经济模式等路径建议，以期为完善我国众创政策提供科学借鉴。     

Socioeconomic hardship,uncertainty about the future,and adolescent mental wellbeing over a year during the COVID-19 pandemic

Socioeconomic vulnerabilities put adolescents at risk for mental wellbeing issues, also in times of a pandemic. In the present longitudinal online survey study, we explored changes in mental wellbeing (i.e., mood and life satisfaction) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Second, we examined how socioeconomic hardship in online home schooling predicted adolescents’ mental wellbeing 1 year later. Third, we tested whether this relation was mediated by feelings of uncertainty about the future. Fourth, we tested whether this relation was moderated (in terms of a protective factor) by self-efficacy. In total, 177 Dutch-speaking adolescents aged 10–18 years (M_age = 15.64, SD_age = 1.72, 79% females) participated in all three 6-month separated waves (T1 = May 2020, T2 = November 2020, and T3 = May 2021). Mood results demonstrated that feelings of vigor decreased between T1 and T2, and feelings of tension and depression increased between T1, T2, and T3. Socioeconomic hardship in online home schooling in the early phase of the pandemic was negatively associated with both baseline mental wellbeing and 1 year later. Socioeconomic hardship at T1 predicted higher feelings of future uncertainty at T2, and higher levels of future uncertainty were associated with lower feelings of vigor, and higher feelings of tension and depression at T3. However, we found no evidence for mediation or moderation effects. In conclusion, the present findings illustrate the complexity of disentangling the adverse effects of socioeconomic hardship on adolescent mental wellbeing.     

铸牢中华民族共同体意识的时代意义与实践路径

我国是一个统一的多民族国家，党和国家一向高度重视民族事务，把民族工作纳入治国理政的一件大事来布局谋划。党的十九大提出了“铸牢中华民族共同体意识”的理念是马克思主义民族理论中国化的最新成果。新时代铸牢中华民族共同体意识有政治性、统一性、稳定性、历史性、普遍性等五个理论特征，还有显著的时代意义，我们可以从组织路径、政治路径、思想路径、物质路径、社会路径、法治路径等六个方面实现铸牢中华民族共同体意识。新时代要贯彻新发展理念，需要尊重差异追求共同性，坚定不移走中国特色解决民族问题的正确道路，才能实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦。     

个人信息保护:作为基本权利的解读

个人信息保护将个人信息视作权益的传统模式已难以胜任保障个人信息安全的要求,有必要将个人信息上升到宪法维度中的基本权利予以保护。基于基本权利视角下构建个人信息权,对于数字时代的人权保障更具深远意义。确立以人的尊严和自由为核心的个人信息权,需要国家承担相应的保护义务,具体而言,首先应当加强个人信息权作为基本权利的地位,并健全相应的个人信息保护法律体系;其次,使专门机构在个人信息保护中依法履责,发挥作用;最后,注重司法机关作为"最后防线"的地位,完善个人信息权的司法救济渠道。