The structural roots of food insecurity: How racism is a fundamental cause of food insecurity

Rates of food insecurity skyrocketed during the COVID-19 pandemic, doubling overall and tripling among households with children. Even before the pandemic, the rate of food insecurity in the United States was “unusually high” compared to other rich democracies, and rates have not improved substantially over the last 25 years. What explains the lack of progress in addressing food insecurity? This article maps out an overview of the experiences, causes, and consequences of food insecurity in the United States. We demonstrate that racism is a fundamental cause of food insecurity, both because racism contributes to racial disparities in income and wealth, and because racism is linked to food insecurity independent of poverty and socioeconomic status. For example, people of color are more likely to experience racial discrimination, which is associated with food insecurity, and to live in states where stricter regulations and harsher punishments are tied to social assistance programs, including food assistance programs. Because racism is a fundamental cause of food insecurity, eliminating it requires going beyond “just” eliminating poverty. Instead, the fundamental cause must be tackled directly: racism itself, which is built into the structure of American society and entrenched in its institutions.     

Effects of Friends' Characteristics on Children's Social Cognitions

Based on the notion that friends play a fundamental role in children's social cognitive development, the study investigates the relation between friends' characteristics (i.e., aggressiveness and prosociality) and children's interpretation of social cues and generation of responses in hypothetical provocation situations. The study was conducted with a sample of 322 children (155 boys, 167 girls) from first through sixth grade. The results showed that, for older children only, friends' aggressiveness predicted an increase of the frequency of aggressive solutions, whereas friends' prosociality predicted an increase of the frequency of pacifistic/prosocial solutions. The latter effect was only true for non-aggressive children, though. The results are discussed in terms of the possible mechanisms underlying the differential effects of friends' characteristics on children's social cognition.     

Teacher Support and the School Engagement of Latino Middle and High School Students at Risk of School Failure

This investigation examined the effects of social support from teachers on the school engagement of middle and high school Latino students identified as being at risk of school failure. Regression analyses indicated that social support from teachers is an important factor in affective and behavioral aspects of school engagement. Specifically, teachers exerted an important effect on school engagement, beyond the effect of parental support. This paper discusses the implications of these findings for developing more effective dropout-prevention interventions for Latino students.     

Stimulus-Stimulus Pairing to Increase Vocalizations in Children with Language Delays: a Review

Stimulus-stimulus pairing (SSP) is a procedure used to increase vocalizations in children with significant language delays. However, results from studies that have examined the effectiveness of SSP have been discrepant. The following review of the literature summarizes the results from 13 experiments published between 1996 and 2014 that used this procedure with children with language delays. Studies were analyzed across various participant and procedural variables, and an effect size estimate (nonoverlap of all pairs) was calculated for a portion of the participants in the studies reviewed. Results indicated an overall moderate intervention effect for SSP of speech sounds. Recommendations are provided for future researchers about information to report and potential avenues for future studies.     

超级平台跨市场竞争损害的反垄断规制研究

超级平台伴随数字经济蓬勃而生,在推动经济发展与转型的同时也带来了许多竞争问题,其中跨市场竞争损害问题成为当前反垄断规制研究的新热点.平台深化其业务分工,以吸引更多用户群达成多元化建设目标,形成相互关联的平台生态系统,并通过生态系统将市场力量传导至其他相关市场,阻碍、排除其他相关市场的正常竞争.而以价格理论为基础的传统支配地位规制框架暴露出相关市场界定困难、支配地位与竞争损害发生市场不一的缺陷,无法有效规制跨市场损害行为.因此建议在《中华人民共和国反垄断法》中引入跨市场优势地位规制条款,设置典型滥用跨市场优势地位行为规范,对竞争损害行为进行有效规制.同时,设置抗辩条款并研究配套实施细则,保障平台企业的创新积极性,促进数字经济持续发展.     

黑龙江省农村低保标准测算与分析——基于扩展线性支出法

农村最低生活保障制度旨在保障收入低于最低生活标准的农村居民家庭的基本生活。在社会救助体系中发挥着＂最后一道安全网＂的重要作用。以往对于黑龙江省农村低保标准制定方面的研究,大多表现在理论探讨与定性分析基础上,缺乏实地调研与定量思考,基于此,文章以政策为指标建立背景,通过典型区实地调研,利用扩展线性支出模型（ELES）,针对不同低保人群,分别测算有无食品自给能力的低保理论标准,发现黑龙江省低保标准远低于政策要求,无法有效满足农村贫困家庭基本生活需要。鉴于此,通过比对黑龙江省财政支出,测算低保财政支持力度,提出具体财政建议及其配套建议。     

Comparisons of strategies to prevent breast cancer mortality

A health system should meet the health needs of the population. Given limited resources, choices are made about problems--typically, diseases--to attack. Then, choices must be made as to how to identify, treat, and ultimately, prevent their occurrences. This process is the subject of this article; it uses the case of breast cancer to examine allocation of resources to disease prevention and treatment. The paper reviews current allocation patterns among three strategies for prevention: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Each varies with respect to where the disease process is halted and in the amount of technological support required. Currently, the U.S. health care system allocates most resources to tertiary prevention, with scant support of primary and limited support of secondary prevention. Possible explanations for the current allocation patterns are discussed. Areas where social sciences have made contributions are highlighted. Finally, cost-effectiveness analyses are presented to illustrate a relatively balanced method for making decisions about future allocations.     

"新工科"工程教育认证背景下学习跟踪与评估体系——以新疆大学资源勘查工程专业为例

新时代信息化集成的新工业革命方兴未艾,教育部为了应对国际化、综合化、交叉化知识发展的新局面,要求工科专业完成工程教育认证,与世界工业体系接轨,实现"老工科"按照行业形势向"新工科"的升维.基于这一背景,新疆大学资源勘查工程专业工程对学生制度、培养目标、毕业要求、课程体系、师资队伍及持续改进的探索已刻不容缓.该专业以建立学生长期学习跟踪与评估体系为切入点,形成合理的学业跟踪制度,围绕毕业要求,持续改进课程体系及培养目标,以期培养出胜任勘查任务、服务边疆、对战略大宗资源/能源预测及评价具有先进地质理念、较强实践能力及创新意识的应用型地质人才.     

澳大利亚离婚家庭子女经济支持政策及其影响

澳大利亚每年的离婚人口数量较高,涉及未成年子女的离婚数量占到将近一半,每年有超过40000名18岁以下未成年子女正在承受着家庭离散之苦。与情感方面相比,经济上的变故给离婚家庭未成年子女带来更大的冲击。根据对澳大利亚离婚家庭的家庭收入、房屋拥有率、租房费用、资产总量以及经济压力这几个指标进行对比和分析,发现离婚对澳大利亚家庭经济水平具有严重负面影响,是导致澳大利亚离婚家庭子女福利降低的根源。随着离婚家庭经济水平的降低,澳大利亚离婚家庭的儿童保育费用下降、儿童教育支出减少、子女发展受到明显抑制。为此,澳大利亚不断完善相关法律法规,采取了诸多政策措施,在改善离婚家庭子女福利上积累了丰富的经验,取得了巨大成效,具体措施包括明确财产和抚养费分配的原则、优先考虑儿童最大利益、制定“儿童抚养计划”等。随着中国离婚程序的简化,中国离婚率已经从1984年的0.39%升至2018年的3.2%,超过了英、法、韩、日等国家。中国受离婚影响的未成年子女数量也随之不断增长,他们正承受着离婚带来的巨大的精神和物质压力。澳大利亚对离婚家庭子女的支持政策值得我国借鉴,建议我国以“儿童最大利益优先原则”确定抚养人,合理确定抚养费数额,加强抚养费执行与监管,这将有利于改善离婚家庭子女的生活,维护未成年子女利益,从而更有效地维护社会稳定发展。