喇嘛教在喀左蒙古族地区的传播及其影响

16世纪以后,由于蒙古封建主的极力提倡和明、清统治者推行扶植及保护政策,使喇嘛教在蒙古地区得到广泛传播,喀左地区的喇嘛教在清代也兴盛起来,并对喀左蒙古族的社会政治、经济和思想文化等方面都产生了极其重大的影响。在政治上,喇嘛拥有各种特权,进而参与和左右蒙古的政治。在经济上、喇嘛教改变了萨满教戮杀牲畜的落后习俗,有益于牧业发展。在思想文化上,喇嘛教使蒙古人丧失了勇武的素质,最终堕入毁灭的深渊。     

父亲参与和母亲幸福感关系的中日比较研究

以中日抚养学龄前儿童双收入家庭父母为对象,探讨父亲参与育儿对母亲心理幸福感的影响,结果发现中日父亲参与育儿的影响模式一致,即父亲参与育儿通过母亲对父亲育儿支持的认知,间接影响夫妻关系满意度。但在中日之间在母亲对父亲育儿支持的认知影响健康关联QOL的途径存在差异。中国母亲对父亲育儿支持的认知直接或通过心理健康影响健康关联的QOL。日本母亲对父亲育儿支持的认知通过夫妻关系满意度间接影响健康关联QOL。     

论"人的安全"与"环境合作"

"人的安全"在日本备受关注。"人的安全"在于确保人们"免于恐惧"和"免于匮乏"。安全的基点从国家安全转向人的安全,意味着安全的重点从军事安全转向社会安全。二战后,在"发展"与"安全"的悖论下,布伦特兰委员会在《我们共同的未来》中提出了"可持续发展"概念,不仅使得安全成为了与发展并重的议题,而且环境安全越来越成为人类关注的主题。可以说,"人的安全"是对国家安全的补充,其核心内容是"环境安全"。因此,探讨人类基于和平目标而进行"环境合作"的可能性,特别是探讨东亚地区的环境合作机制意义重大。     

The estimation of population density of the green rice leafhopper,Nephotettix cinticeps Uhler, in spring field by the capture recapture method

Summary The population parameters of green rice leafhopper,Nephotettix cincticeps in hibernated generation was estimated by the capture-recapture method on the gramineous weeds of resting paddy field from late in April to mid-May, 1962–1965. The difficulty of applying the capture-recapture method to this insect is caused from the low density and the low activity of the leafhopper, so that it is necessary to make the suitable plan of capture-recapture series and to construct the special method to detect the population parameters. The number of adults differed greatly among the years and among the plots in the same year. But, in general, the density was relatively high late in April, and decreased rapidly in May. The number of males was higher than that of females late in April, but decreased rapidly to become lower in May. The sampling efficiency with sweep-net depends upon the many factors, such as weather and floristic conditions; especially the atmospheric temperature and the force of wind are considered to affect greatly to the efficiency. In general, low temperature and strong wind are the cause of low sampling efficiency. Contribution from JIBP-PT No. 20.     

A Liang–Zeger Method for Modeling Dyadic Interdependence in the Analysis of Social Networks

This article introduces a modified Liang–Zeger method for the estimation of the variance–covariance matrix of parameter estimates for models of social network data that include variables to characterize dyadic nonindependence. While the pseudolikelihood method has been used recently to estimate parameters for such models, the issue of estimating their standard errors, or the variance–covariance matrix more generally, has been neglected. This article addresses the issue by proposing a method for such estimation and also presents an illustrative application of the method to empirical social network data.     

Prey capture tactics of spiders: An analysis based on a simulation model for spider's growth

Summary The prey capture tactics of spiders was analyzed, considering the energy gained by the capture of prey and that required for it. For the purpose of it, a growth model of spiders was constructed, expressing the flow rate of prey biomass to the spider's body by differential equations. Solving these equations under the differing values of three parameters, growth curves of spiders was obtained. These three parameters are the amount of prey biomass supplied daily to spiders,x ₀, the rate of prey capture of spiders, α, and a coefficient of the respiration rate required for the capture of prey,k. When the value ofk increased, spiders could grow only at high value ofx ₀. These results suggest that habitats with small prey biomass are preferred by spiders adopting a sit-and-wait tactics for prey capture, which requires small values ofk. Wolf spiders are one of these spiders showing that tactics. On the other hand, web-builders which require large amount of energy for spinning webs (namely, take large value ofk), are able to grow only in the habitats with large prey biomass. Each species of spiders are considered to locate in a certain point between both extremes of these tactics for the capture of prey.     

The feeding from edge towards inner part in soybean plot in rufous turtle dove,Streptopellia orientalis (Latham) and the estimation of passing rate of the flock

Summary Rufous turtle dove,Streptopelia orientalis, coming to the soybean field entered it from the outer part to eat soybean cotyledons. As a result, the injured plants extended from the outer to inner parts in the field. A model expressing these behaviours was constructed here, by assuming that the amount of food birds can eat in one block determines whether they stay there or move into neighbour block. As the food decrease due to exploitation of them by birds, birds enter into farther parts with the passage of time. The rate of feeding in all visiting birds (an ₀ wherea is the rate of feeding per individual andn ₀ the number of birds visiting) and the rate of staying at a block,b, was estimated from the field experimental results, using the above model. The value ofan ₀ fluctuated greatly, depending upon the season in which soybean seeds sowed. The value ofb also fluctuated inversely with that ofan ₀, suggesting the the staying rate decreases with an increase in the number of doves coming, probably because of interference among individuals.