The Effects of Different Group Sex Compositions on Support Rates and Coalition Formation

Une réplique des expériences de T. M. Mills sur des coalitions dans les triades, en variant la composition par sexe du groupe, met en lumière le fait que les femmes apportent un meilleur appui que les hommes, qu'elles établissent un plus grand nombre de coalitions et répartissent leur appui de f aeon plus équitable parmi les autres membres lorsqu'elles entrent en interaction avec des personnes de meme sexe. Tandis que le membre le plus inactif de la triade masculine devient un isole, le moins actif de la triade féminine regoit le meilleur appui émotif. Le modele de coalition typique dans la triade masculine est une coalition de deux membres et un isolé: dans le groupe féminin les trois membres du groupe etablissent des coalitions. Dans les triades mixtes, l'impact de l'interaction des membres d'un sexe avec ceux du sexe opposé est de faconner leurs comportements à l'image de ceux des autres. On suggère que le processus qui influence la constitution de coalitions dans les triades mixtes est reliéà la concurrence que se livrent les deux membres du meme sexe pour obtenir l'appui du membre du sexe opposé. Dans une telle situation il n'est pas rare de constater que le membre du sexe minoritaire devient un mediateur entre les deux membres majoritaires du sexe opposé. II s'ensuit une formation de deux coalitions composée du membre minoritaire et d'un membre majoritaire et parfois, des coalitions entre les trois membres du groupe. A replication of T. M. Mills' experiments dealing with coalition-formation in triads, varying the sex composition of the group, reveals that females are more supportive, form more coalitions and distribute their support more equally among others when interacting with members of the same sex, than males do. While the least active member of the triad becomes an isolate in the 3-male groups, the least active member in 3-female groups receives more support than any other group member. The typical coalition pattern in the 3-male groups is a coalition between two, with the third being an isolate: in the 3-female groups, coalitions develop between all three members of the group. In the mixed-sex groups, the effect of interacting with members of the opposite sex on both men and women is to make their behaviour more like the other's. It is suggested that the process that governs the formation of coalitions in mixed-sex triads is that of competition between the two majority-sex members for the support of the one member of the other sex, which often leads to the minority-sex member mediating between the competing pair of the opposite sex, and this results in the formation of two coalitions between the minority-sex member and each of the majority-sex members in the group, and sometimes even in the eventual establishment of coalitions between all three members of the group.     

Older men in employed and retired families

Although much research on household work has focused on young dual-career couples, there has been speculation that retirement may have a significant effect on the arrangement of household activities in later life. Furthermore, involvement in the household is believed to influence psychological well-being. Available literature, however, provides contradictory evidence regarding the extent to which integration into household activities may either reduce or contribute to stress. The degree to which male involvement in the household in later life was stressful was examined in this research. Data were analyzed from structured interviews with 1165 older, married men who were employed full-time, part-time, or retired. Employed men were significantly less involved in the household than were the retired; however, men participated more in both masculine and feminine tasks if their wives were employed. Involvement in the household was not stressful although the benefits derived from participation varied somewhat by type of task.     

Combining an Internal Pilot with an Interim Analysis for Single Degree of Freedom Tests

An internal pilot with interim analysis (IPIA) design combines interim power analysis (an internal pilot) with interim data analysis (two-stage group sequential). We provide IPIA methods for single df hypotheses within the Gaussian general linear model, including one and two group t tests. The design allows early stopping for efficacy and futility while also re-estimating sample size based on an interim variance estimate. Study planning in small samples requires the exact and computable forms reported here. The formulation gives fast and accurate calculations of power, Type I error rate, and expected sample size.     

The poisson-inverse gaussian disiribuiion as a model for species abundance

An inverse Gaussian mixture of Poisson distributions(the P-IG distribution) is considered as a model for species abundance data,, Minimum chi-square and maximum likelihood methods of estimation for the zero-truncated P-IG distribution are developed, Ihe performance of the P-IG distribution is illustrated and discussed for several well-known sets of insect abundance data.     

Comment

We propose a sequential test for predictive ability for recursively assessing whether some economic variables have explanatory content for another variable. In the forecasting literature it is common to assess predictive ability by using “one-shot” tests at each estimation period. We show that this practice leads to size distortions, selects overfitted models and provides spurious evidence of in-sample predictive ability, and may lower the forecast accuracy of the model selected by the test. The usefulness of the proposed test is shown in well-known empirical applications to the real-time predictive content of money for output and the selection between linear and nonlinear models.     

Public income transfers and wealth accumulation at the bottom: Within and between country differences in Canada and the United States

Both Canada and the United States are considered liberal welfare states, yet exhibit notable differences in income poverty attributed to social policy. While a more generous welfare system lifts many above income poverty, models of household financial behaviour suggest that more income from the state should displace private savings via a substitution effect. Using nationally representative wealth surveys from Canada and the US from 1998/1999 to 2016 we extend knowledge on the relationship between the welfare state and private wealth accumulation. Specifically, we study household asset poverty defined as financial asset levels that fall below three-month adjusted income poverty threshold. Asset poverty rates varied over time in the two countries and were higher in the less generous US welfare state. Further, income transfer share was positively related to asset poverty in Canada but not in the US. Counterfactual estimates offered evidence of the substitution effect in Canada, where higher levels of transfers may crowd out private asset accumulation. Results invite further consideration of the concept of asset poverty and its relationship to welfare state characteristics.