The Use of Multizone Models to Estimate an Airborne Chemical Contaminant Generation and Decay Profile: Occupational Exposures of Hairdressers to Vinyl Chloride in Hairspray During the 1960s and 1970s

Vinyl chloride (VC) was used as a propellant in a limited percentage of aerosol hairspray products in the United States from approximately 1967 to 1973. The question has arisen whether occupational exposures of hairdressers to VC-containing hairsprays in hair salons were sufficient to increase the risk for developing hepatic angiosarcoma (HAS). Transient two-zone and steady-state three-zone models were used to estimate the historical airborne concentration of VC for individual hairdressers using hairspray as well as estimated contributions from other hairdressers in the same salon. Concentrations of VC were modeled for small, medium, and large salons, as well as a representative home salon. Model inputs were determined using published literature, and variability in these inputs was also considered using Monte Carlo techniques. The 95th percentile for the daily time-weighted average exposure for small, medium, and large salons, assuming a market-share fraction of VC-containing hairspray use from the Monte Carlo analysis, was about 0.3 ppm, and for the home salon scenario was 0.1 ppm. The 95th percentile value for the cumulative lifetime exposure of the hairdressers was 2.8 ppm-years for the home salon scenario and 2.0 ppm-years for the small, medium, and large salon scenarios. If using the assumption that all hairsprays used in a salon contained VC, the 95th percentile of the theoretical lifetime cumulative dose was estimated to be 52–79 ppm-years. Estimated lifetime doses were all below the threshold dose for HAS of about 300 to 500 ppm-years reported in the published epidemiology literature.     

差序式领导与员工亲组织非伦理行为：圈内人和圈外人视角

 亲组织非伦理行为是近年来国内外组织管理学界日益关注的重要问题。已有研究表明，领导对员工亲组织非伦理行为的形成有重要影响。但相关研究成果多来自西方学界，基于中国文化情景的研究成果还十分有限，而聚焦于极具华人社会文化特色和内涵的本土领导对员工亲组织非伦理行为的影响研究更是匮乏，有待进一步拓展。        基于社会交换理论、社会认同理论和社会认知理论，从圈内人和圈外人视角出发，探讨中国组织文化情景下差序式领导对员工亲组织非伦理行为的影响以及领导组织代表性和员工集体主义倾向的调节作用。通过分阶段调研的方式，收集14家长三角地区本土企业457套调研数据，采用验证性因子分析、层次回归分析和Bootstrap法进行实证检验。        研究结果表明，差序式领导对圈内人和圈外人亲组织非伦理行为存在正向影响，但影响程度不存在显著差异；领导组织代表性正向调节差序式领导对圈内人和圈外人亲组织非伦理行为的影响，相较于圈内人，高领导组织代表性对差序式领导与圈外人亲组织非伦理行为之间关系的调节作用更强；员工集体主义倾向正向调节差序式领导对圈内人和圈外人亲组织非伦理行为的影响，但调节程度不存在显著差异。        实证检验中国组织文化情景下差序式领导对员工亲组织非伦理行为的影响机制，丰富了领导对员工亲组织非伦理行为的影响研究，是对本土组织管理研究的有益补充；从圈内人和圈外人两条路径分析员工亲组织非伦理行为的形成机制，为深入理解圈内人和圈外人的认知过程及差异提供了经验证据，并对已有研究视角进行有益整合；提出并验证了领导组织代表性和员工集体主义倾向的调节作用，补充了员工亲组织非伦理行为产生的边界条件。     

Youth mobilisations and political generations: young activists in political change movements during and since the twentieth century

This paper uses political generations theory to examine the main youth mobilisations during and since the twentieth century: pre-1939 fascist and communist movements; the student movements of the 1960s and 70s; movements that challenged colonial and neo-colonial rulers in less developed countries and young people's involvement in the revolutions that saw the end of communism in East-Central and South-East Europe in 1989. Conclusions from this review of the past are used in considering the likely significance of subsequent outbursts of political activism among young people: the ‘colour revolutions’ and other instances of youth mobilisation in former Soviet republics and other ex-communist countries; the Arab Spring and the series of movements that have challenged neo-liberalism – Anti-Globalisation, the Indignados and the Occupy movements. The paper notes that youth mobilisations that have led to the formation of new political generations that have changed their countries' politics then transformed the countries have typically extended over several decades, that initially youthful leaders have sometimes been middle-aged or older before achieving political power and that many of their actions on achieving power have been at variance with their youthful ideals. In conclusion, it is argued that it is still too early to tell whether any of the recent youth mobilisations signal the formation of new political generations.     

论大平正芳政权时期的对外战略——日本外交理想的原型

亚洲外交与日美同盟之间的矛盾是困扰战后日本外交的核心难题.这种困境既源于日本战败与朝鲜战争后中美对立的亚太国际政治格局,也归结于日本的战略选择.大平内阁处于世界政治从紧张缓和向新冷战过渡的时期.大平正芳从前任福田纠夫推行的“全方位外交”后退,转向强调与自由主义阵营诸国的协调关系,特别是日美协调.同时,他还主张在日美关系的框架内展开对中国以及环太平洋连带构想外交.其对外战略解决了亚洲外交与对美外交的困境,影响着1980年代以后日本对外政策的展开,是日本外交理想的原型.     

Faggot = Loser

This essay investigates the projectile force and projective work of the designation faggot by examining a clinical moment during which a child patient called me a “faggot.” Particular attention is paid to the defensive function that “faggot” played in this boy's effort to disavow smallness and losing. I use his specific dilemma to consider the more general boyhood quest to be big and winning. Focusing on the ways in which boys defend against the anxiety generated by the big-small divide, I argue for the clinical engagement of these defenses, including aggressive protest, bravado, and phallic narcissistic preoccupation. I propose engaging boys in the difficult process of thirdness as a psychic venue that offers a context of growth within which to cathect boys' anxiety and aggression. Such cathexis stands in contrast to the manner in which boys' narcissistic preoccupations and aggression are simultaneously prized and neglected through the “boys will be boys” approach to masculinity. Boys' aggression, which so often conceals their anxiety about losing, is neither adequately contained nor engaged. They are left to adopt a brittle bravado and to relate through control and domination. One routine form of bravado and domination is the contemptuous use of the word faggot. I conclude with some speculative thoughts about how the anxiety of loss that is initially managed through the diffuse projection of “faggot” might develop into a more specific form of hatred: homophobia.     

In college and in recovery: Reasons for joining a Collegiate Recovery Program

ABSTRACT

Objective: Collegiate Recovery Programs (CRPs), a campus-based peer support model for students recovering from substance abuse problems, grew exponentially in the past decade, yet remain unexplored. Methods: This mixed-methods study examines students' reasons for CRP enrollment to guide academic institutions and referral sources. Students (N = 486) from the 29 CRPs nationwide operating in 2012 completed an online survey in 2013. Results: Students were somewhat older than traditional age (mean age = 26). Now sober for 3 years (mean), they had experienced severe dependence on multiple substances. One third reported they would not be in college were it not for a CRP, and 20% would not be at their current institution. Top reasons for joining a CRP were the need for same-age peer recovery support and wanting to “do college sober,” recognizing that college life challenges sobriety. Conclusions: CRPs appear to meet their mission of allowing recovering students to pursue educational goals in “an abstinence hostile environment.” Findings emphasize the need for more institutions to address the support needs of students in recovery.     

The Role of Worker Support and Religious Support in African American Special Needs Adoption: The Bennett Chapel Experience

Between 1998 and 2003 members and friends of Bennett Chapel Missionary Baptist Church in rural East Texas adopted 70 African American special needs children. Data from surveys of 113 Texas and Louisiana adoptive families, including 14 Bennett Chapel families, found that the amount of anticipated worker support influenced the decision to adopt, particularly for Bennett Chapel families, and actual worker support was significantly related to positive adoption impact on the family. Comparisons of Bennett Chapel with other families highlight the uniqueness of this initiative. Findings underscore the importance of worker support for facilitating adoptions in faith and rural communities and increasing adoptions of African American children.