Linked lives,dependent demise? Survival analysis of husbands and wives

Past research has found that married individuals have substantially lower risks of mortality than their single counterparts. This paper examines how household characteristics affect spouses’ risks of mortality. A paired hazard rate model is estimated and tests are made to ascertain whether the estimated coefficients associated with risk factors differ between husbands’ and wives’ equations. Cigarette smoking, risk-avoidance behavior, poverty, and children are found to affect wives’ and husbands’ mortality in similar ways. Divorce, which can be interpreted as the termination of this shared household environment, is found to affect spouses differently.     

Sheltered Employment Strategies In Five Countries

The paper outlines sheltered employment strategies drawn from five countries (USA, Sweden, The Netherlands, Britain, and New Zealand) with a view to articulating policy options. The focus for the study was at the level of individual organizations in each country and personnel at all managerial levels were interviewed to ascertain their orientation with respect to the organisation of sheltered employment at three individual, yet interdependent structural levels: the national industry, the individual enterprise, and work itself. Work activity was observed and official documentation was studied to strengthen the validity of interview data. The results indicate that successful workshops were not only well informed of the dominant industry philosophy but also had their own clearly articulated interpretation of that philosophy. A number of policy options were seen to emerge from the patterns observed.     

Operationalizing Max Weber's probability concept of class situation: the concept of social class

In this essay I take seriously Max Weber's astonishingly neglected claim that class situation may be defined, not in categorial terms, but probabilistically. I then apply this idea to another equally neglected claim made by Weber that the boundaries of social classes may be determined by the degree of social mobility within such classes. Taking these two ideas together I develop the idea of a non-categorial boundary 'surface' between classes and of a social class 'corridor' made up of all those people who are still to be found within the boundaries of the social class into which they were born. I call social mobility within a social class 'intra-class social mobility' and social mobility between classes 'inter-class social mobility'. I also claim that this distinction resolves the dispute between those sociologists who claim that late industrial societies are still highly class bound and those who think that this is no longer the case. Both schools are right I think, but one is referring to a high degree of intra-class social mobility and the other to an equally high degree of inter-class mobility. Finally I claim that this essay provides sociology with only one example among many other possible applications of how probability theory might usefully be used to overcome boundary problems generally in sociology.     

'Living for the Brethren': Idealism, Social Work's Lost Enlightenment Strain

Correspondence to Ken Moffatt, Associate Professor, School of Social Work, York University, Kinsmen Building, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3. E-mail: kmoffatt{at}yorku.ca and allan.irving{at}widener.edu Summary In this article we define British idealism, a thread of Enlightenmentthought. We draw upon historical British writings and Canadianarchival material to reveal key concepts central to idealismand social work. The article begins by discussing social responsibilitybased on the idealist premise of Christian immanence. We thendiscuss the spiritual rationality of the new liberalism. Thethought of E.J. Urwick, a key philosopher of British and Canadiansocial work, illustrates that both British and Platonic idealismcontinued to influence the field of modern social work. Theconcepts of engaged participation and reciprocity are congruentwith Christian immanence and spiritual rationality. We arguethat social work can benefit from recovering its lost pastssuch as idealism as an aid in prefiguring an uncertain future.     

Work and Non-Pathological Gambling

Most economists believe that people would value an additional $1,000 in income more if they were poor than if rich, but if so, people should not gamble according to standard expected utility theory. Thus, economists have been challenged to explain the pervasiveness of gambling in human behavior. A recently proposed solution to this theoretical challenge (Nyman 2004; Nyman et al. in Journal of Socio-Economics 37:2492–2504, 2008) suggests that, because having to work for one’s income is a fact of life in market economies, many individuals view the winnings from gambling not only as additional income, but as additional income for which one does not need to work. As a result, individuals, and especially those who are disadvantaged in the labor market, attach a utility premium to gambling winnings and gamble because of that. This utility premium would explain the pervasiveness of gambling in society, especially among the economically disadvantaged. This paper reviews the economic approaches to explaining non-pathological gambling, presents an overview of the new theory, and uses data from the National Epidemiological Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions from 2001 to test it. The results indicate that the respondent’s work characteristics explain the decision to gamble in a way that is consistent with theory.     

FAMILY STRUCTURE TRANSITIONS AND CHILD ACHIEVEMENT

This article uses prospective data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 to investigate how children in divorced and never-married-mother families vary in reading and math achievement after parental remarriage. These are compared to children who remain in never-married, divorced, and continuously married families. Results based on growth curve modeling indicate that children remaining in single-parent families resulting from divorce or nonmarital births have lower achievement scores than children from married families. Maternal education and income account for all of the adverse effects of family structure on reading achievement, while maternal education, income, and children's home environment can explain the negative relationship between single parenting and math scores. We conclude that parental remarriage may have more benefits for children than previous studies have suggested.     

Reviews

Ramsay MacMullen, Roman Social Relations 50 B.C. to A.D. 284 (1974), ix+212 (Yale University Press, New Haven and London, $8.95).

Georges Duby, The Early Growth of the European Economy: Warriors and Peasants from the Seventh to the Twelfth Centuries (1974), x+292 (Weidenfeld &; Nicolson, £4.00).

M. K. Ashby, The Changing English Village: A History of Bledington, Gloucestershire in Its Setting 1066–1914 (1974), xxiii+425 (The Roundwood Press, Kineton, £5.50).

Jan de Vries, The Dutch Rural Economy in the Golden Age 1500–1700 (1974)) xv+316 (Yale University Press, New Haven, £7.50).

Lawrence Stone, Family and Fortune: Studies in Aristocratic Finance in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries (1973), xviii+315 (Clarendon Press, Oxford, £4.50).

Roger Thompson, Women in Stuart England and America. A comparative study (1974), x+276 (Routledge &; Kegan Paul, £4.25).

Elizabeth Isichei, The Ibo People and the Europeans: The Genesis of a Relationship ‐to 1906 (1973), 207 (Faber &; Faber, £4.50).

Conjoacture Economique, structures sociales. Hommage &; Ernest Labrousse (1974), 547 (Mouton, Paris, 140 fr.).

Colin Lucas, The Structure of the Terror: the Example of Javogues and the Loire (1973), xvi+411 (Oxford University Press, £9.00).

Martha Vicinus, The Industrial Muse. A Study of Nineteenth Century British Working‐Class Literature (1975), x+357 (Croom Helm, £6.95).

David J. Pivar, Purity Crusade: Sexual Morality and Social Control, 1868–1900 (1973), x+308 (Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut, £5.50).     

领导-部属交换与员工亲组织非伦理行为：差序格局视角

 亲组织非伦理行为是近年来组织管理学界日益关注的一种非伦理行为类型,但在实践中,因其亲组织性而容易被组织忽视或默许。已有研究证明,亲组织非伦理行为对组织的长远利益有害,而一些通常被认为对组织有益的概念(如伦理型领导和变革型领导)在一定条件下会促进员工的亲组织非伦理行为。但就整体而言,关于亲组织非伦理行为的影响因素和形成机制的研究仍相当匮乏。领导-部属交换在差序格局下的华人组织中广泛存在并具有丰富的文化内涵,可以对员工的行为产生重要的影响。因此,在以关系为导向的中国文化背景下,探讨领导-部属交换对员工亲组织非伦理行为的影响机制有其独特的理论价值和实践意义。        整合社会交换理论、社会认同理论和自我一致性理论,基于352份中国长三角地区本土企业的员工数据,运用层次回归分析法和总效应调节模型法,探讨差序格局视角下领导-部属交换对员工亲组织非伦理行为的影响,检验组织情感承诺的中介作用和道德认同的调节作用,从而揭示领导-部属交换影响员工亲组织非伦理行为的内在机制。        研究结果表明,领导-部属交换和组织情感承诺对员工亲组织非伦理行为均有显著正向影响;组织情感承诺在领导-部属交换与亲组织非伦理行为间起部分中介作用,且道德认同负向调节这种中介作用;道德认同负向调节组织情感承诺对亲组织非伦理行为的影响,但对领导-部属交换与亲组织非伦理行为之间的关系没有显著调节作用。        实证检验亲组织非伦理行为这一非伦理行为类型,拓展了非伦理行为相关研究;选取领导-部属交换作为切入点,探讨亲组织非伦理行为的形成机制,丰富了领导视角对员工亲组织非伦理行为的影响研究;提出并检验领导-部属交换、组织情感承诺与亲组织非伦理行为的正向关系,再次证明一些被认为是正面的因素也会促使员工采取非伦理行为,丰富了领导-部属交换与组织情感承诺的负面影响研究;探讨中国组织情景下的亲组织非伦理行为的形成机制,得出与西方研究不同的结论,即领导-部属交换对员工亲组织非伦理行为有直接显著影响,而员工的道德认同对此影响并没有显著的调节作用,反映了华人社会与西方社会对关系的认知差异。     

The relationship between transformational leadership and follower sickness absence: the role of presenteeism

The impact of transformational leaders on employee health and well-being has received much attention. Less research has focused on the relationships between transformational leaders and followers’ sickness absenteeism. Transformational leaders promote a group climate that may lead to absenteeism, especially among vulnerable employees (those with high levels of presenteeism). In the present study we examined the relationships between presenteeism, group-level transformational leadership and sickness absence rates in a three-year longitudinal study of postal workers and their leaders in Denmark (N?=?155). Group-level transformational leadership in year 1 predicted sickness absenteeism in year 2, but not in year 3. In examining conditions under which transformational leadership may be linked to higher levels of sickness absenteeism, we found that presenteeism in year 1 moderated the link between transformational leadership in year 1 and sickness absenteeism in year 3, such that followers working in groups with a transformational leader and who were high in presenteeism reported higher levels of sickness absenteeism. Our results suggest a complex picture of the relationship between transformational leadership and sickness absenteeism; transformational leaders may promote self-sacrifice of vulnerable followers by leading them to go to work while ill, leading to increased risks of sickness absence in the long term.