A systemic intervention research agenda for reducing inequality in school outcomes

Persistent education inequality is a complex problem in the United States, and, despite efforts to promote equity, education performance and attainment remain highly related to characteristics of students’ families, schools, and neighborhoods. Systemic interventions are designed to address complex problems through the identification and purposeful incorporation of knowledge from the multiple systems implicated in a problem. Although systemic intervention approaches are not widely reported in education, they have yielded positive effects in health and human services and are worth investigating in the education context. In this paper we review policy and research evidence related to education inequality and provide an agenda for designing and evaluating systemic interventions to reduce education inequality.     

Staff perceptions of staff-family interactions in nursing homes

Each year thousands of older adults are admitted to nursing homes. Following admission, nursing home staff and family members must interact and communicate with each other. This study examined relationship and communication patterns between nursing home staff members and family members of nursing home residents, as part of a larger multi-method comparative case study. Here, we report on 6-month case studies of two nursing homes where in-depth interviews, shadowing experiences, and direct observations were completed. Staff members from both nursing homes described staff–family interactions as difficult, problematic and time consuming, yet identified strategies that when implemented consistently, influenced the staff–family interaction positively. Findings suggest explanatory processes in staff–family interactions, while pointing toward promising interventions.     

Design and analysis of a fractional 413125 split-plot experiment

SUMMARY This paper is a case study on two aspects of constructing mixed factorial experiments: (1) three equally sized fractions of a 2p+ 2 design are combined under a three level factor, yielding a 312p+ 2 experiment; (2) two carefully selected factors from a 2p+ 2 design are combined to obtain a 412p design. We consider both aspects for the design of a 1/8 fraction of a 413125 experiment (48 observations) to investigate a DNA amplification technique. The experiment is of the split-plot type, because the main effects of two factors had to be confounded with runs of a piece of equipment (whole-plots), while the other factors were varied between vials (subplots) contained within the equipment. We confounded an additional effect to avoid the usual difficulty in evaluating the whole-plot effects in unreplicated experiments. Both whole-plot and subplot effects can then be evaluated with half-normal plots. The analysis is illustrated with the results of the experiment.     

Children's perceptions of their disabled siblings: ‘she's different but it's normal for us’

This paper reports on a two‐year study exploring children's understandings of disability. It focuses on findings from interviews conducted with 24 children, aged 6 to 19, who had disabled siblings, exploring their perceptions of impairment, disability and difference. Most were very aware of their sibling's impairment but the majority did not see that as making their siblings different. Where difference was perceived, this was sometimes attributed to their siblings' experience of disability—unequal treatment and the hostile attitudes of others. Most children saw their disabled sibling as holding various identities and their shared biographies, as members of the same family, may have taken precedence over any perceived differences.     

Au Chili,l'emploi progresse en nombre,non en qualité: tout dépend du contrat

Depuis 1990, les autorités chiliennes s'en remettent à la croissance économique pour créer des emplois, élever les salaires et améliorer les conditions de travail. Les résultats sont contrastés: la qualité de l'emploi n'a pas suivi les progrès quantitatifs en nombre d'emplois et en niveau de salaires. Opposant un cadre réglementaire formellement rigide à la réalité d'un marché du travail flexible, les auteurs soulignent l'importance des conditions d'emploi dans l'évaluation du marché du travail. L'examen des effets des caractéristiques des emplois et des travailleurs sur l'emploi et les revenus montre que leur premier déterminant est la détention d'un contrat de durée indéterminée.     

‘It's against our law,never mind anyone else's’: the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 and adults with learning disabilities

This study examines Part III of the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (the provision of goods, services and facilities) in relation to adults with learning disabilities. The study had a participatory element in that self‐advocates co‐facilitated focus groups and joined the Research Advisory Group. The paper presents views of people with learning disabilities, garnered through focus groups and interviews, about the Act and about using services. Awareness of their rights was generally low, although activists were generally better informed. While usually offered reasonable service in shops, pubs and other facilities, people were sometimes treated unfairly. This could take three forms – being treated with a lack of courtesy and respect, failure to make reasonable adjustments and outright refusal to serve. People felt a strong sense of injustice when treated in these ways but the majority were unlikely to complain, although a few had challenged unfair treatment. The paper concludes with recommendations for policy and practice.     

US college and university student health screening requirements for tuberculosis and vaccine-preventable diseases, 2012

ABSTRACT

Objective: Colleges are at risk for communicable disease outbreaks because of the high degree of person-to-person interactions and relatively crowded dormitory settings. This report describes the US college student health screening requirements among US resident and international students for tuberculosis (TB) and vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) as they relate to the American College Health Association (ACHA) guidelines. Methods/Participants: In April 2012, US college health administrators (N = 2,858) were sent online surveys to assess their respective school's TB screening and immunization requirements. Results: Surveys were completed by 308 (11%) schools. Most schools were aware of the ACHA immunization (78%) and TB screening (76%) guidelines. Schools reported having policies related to immunization screening (80.4%), immunization compliance (93%), TB screening (55%), and TB compliance (87%). Conclusion: Most colleges were following ACHA guidelines. However, there are opportunities for improvement to fully utilize the recommendations and prevent outbreaks of communicable diseases among students in colleges.     

Gender-Based Occupational Segregation and Sex Differences in Sensory,Motor, and Spatial Aptitudes

Research on sex differences in humans documents gender differences in sensory, motor, and spatial aptitudes. These aptitudes, as captured by Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) codes, predict the occupational choices of men and women in the directions indicated by this research. We simulate that eliminating selection on these skills reduces the Duncan index of gender-based occupational segregation by 20 % to 23 % in 1970 and 2012, respectively. Eliminating selection on DOT variables capturing other accounts of this segregation has a smaller impact.