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41.
Martin F. Hellwig Klaus M. Schmidt 《Econometrica : journal of the Econometric Society》2002,70(6):2225-2264
This paper studies the relation between discrete–time and continuous–time principal–agent models. We derive the continuous–time model as a limit of discrete–time models with ever shorter periods and show that optimal incentive schemes in the discrete–time models approximate the optimal incentive scheme in the continuous model, which is linear in accounts. Under the additional assumption that the principal observes only cumulative total profits at the end and the agent can destroy profits unnoticed, an incentive scheme that is linear in total profits is shown to be approximately optimal in the discrete–time model when the length of the period is small. 相似文献
42.
The importance of repeat and circular migration starts receiving rising recognition. The paper studies this behavior by analyzing
the number of exits and the total number of years away from the host country using count data models and panel data from the
German guestworker experience. Beyond the myth, more than 60% of migrants in the sample from the guestworker countries living
in Germany are indeed repeat or circular migrants. Migrants from European Union member countries, those not owning a dwelling
in Germany, the younger and the older (excluding the middle-aged), are significantly more likely to engage in repeat migration
and to stay out for longer. Males and those migrants with German passports exit more frequently, while those with higher education
exit less; there are no differences with time spent out. Migrants with family in the home country remain out longer, and those
closely attached to the labor market remain less; they are not leaving the country more frequently. 相似文献
43.
Klaus Deininger John Okidi 《Development policy review : the journal of the Overseas Development Institute》2003,21(4):481-509
To explore factors underlying growth and poverty reduction in Africa while overcoming some of the limitations of cross‐country analysis, this article uses micro‐level survey and panel‐data evidence from Uganda spanning 1992–2000. The high elasticity of both income growth and poverty reduction with respect to agricultural output (coffee) prices confirms the benefits from Uganda's decisive liberalisation of output markets. It also suggests the importance of product diversification to protect the poor against price shocks and the potential of cotton‐market improvements in tackling persistent poverty in the North. The importance of improving access to basic education and health care emerges more clearly than in cross‐country analysis, but benefits depend on complementary investments in electricity and other infrastructure, and reductions in civil strife. 相似文献
44.
Dr. Klaus Geissdörfer Prof. Dr. Ronald Gleich Prof. Dr. Andreas Wald 《Zeitschrift für Betriebswirtschaft》2009,79(6):693-715
Tremendous increases in indirect costs can be found in many industries. Consequently, life cycle cost analysis models are getting more important in strategic cost management. However, existing models differ significantly from each other as they have been developed mainly for specific applications. In order to enable a common use of those models, a standardization of these models is required. We examine the potentials of standardizing models for life cycle cost analysis. In a first step, requirements regarding a standard model are derived from literature. As a second step, existing approaches found in literature are compared to the afore derived demands and it is analyzed to what extent they match the standardization requirements. Based on this comparison, we identify and discuss avenues for further research. 相似文献
45.
Klaus Desmet Shlomo Weber Ignacio Ortuo‐Ortín 《Journal of the European Economic Association》2009,7(6):1291-1318
This paper investigates the effect of linguistic diversity on redistribution in a broad cross‐section of countries. We use the notion of “linguistic distances” and show that the commonly used fractionalization index, which ignores linguistic distances, yields insignificant results. However, once distances between languages are accounted for, linguistic diversity has both a statistically and economically significant effect on redistribution. With an average level of redistribution of 9.5% of GDP in our data set, an increase byone standard deviation in the degree of diversity lowers redistribution by approximately one percentage point. We also demonstrate that other measures, such as polarization and peripheral heterogeneity, provide similar results when linguistic distances are incorporated. (JEL: D6, D74, H5, Z10) 相似文献
46.
Carlo C. Jaeger Jette Krause Armin Haas Rupert Klein Klaus Hasselmann 《Risk analysis》2008,28(4):815-823
The recent decision of the U.S. Supreme Court on the regulation of CO2 emissions from new motor vehicles( 1 ) shows the need for a robust methodology to evaluate the fraction of attributable risk from such emissions. The methodology must enable decisionmakers to reach practically relevant conclusions on the basis of expert assessments the decisionmakers see as an expression of research in progress, rather than as knowledge consolidated beyond any reasonable doubt.( 2,3,4 ) This article presents such a methodology and demonstrates its use for the Alpine heat wave of 2003. In a Bayesian setting, different expert assessments on temperature trends and volatility can be formalized as probability distributions, with initial weights (priors) attached to them. By Bayesian learning, these weights can be adjusted in the light of data. The fraction of heat wave risk attributable to anthropogenic climate change can then be computed from the posterior distribution. We show that very different priors consistently lead to the result that anthropogenic climate change has contributed more than 90% to the probability of the Alpine summer heat wave in 2003. The present method can be extended to a wide range of applications where conclusions must be drawn from divergent assessments under uncertainty. 相似文献
47.
48.
Klaus Plonien 《National Identities》2013,15(1):81-86
This article demonstrates that American national identity is symbolic, subjective and ambiguous to the extent that it encapsulates senses of both similarity and difference. Citing evidence from life-history interviews with American military veterans from different ethnic groups, the article shows how some Americans can identify with being racially excluded and still share in a sense of national belonging. It is argued here that this feature is and has always been embedded in the processes of American national identification. In making this argument, this article rejects Ramsey Cook's notion that achieving a sense of similarity between universal and particular interests within a national community is hallmark of postnationalism. 相似文献
49.
Population aging and endogenous economic growth 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Klaus Prettner 《Journal of population economics》2013,26(2):811-834
We investigate the consequences of population aging for long-run economic growth perspectives. Our framework incorporates endogenous growth models and semi-endogenous growth models as special cases. We show that (1) increases in longevity have a positive impact on per capita output growth, (2) decreases in fertility have a negative impact on per capita output growth, (3) the positive longevity effect dominates the negative fertility effect in case of the endogenous growth framework, and (4) population aging fosters long-run growth in the endogenous growth framework, while its effect depends on the relative change between fertility and mortality in the semi-endogenous growth framework. 相似文献
50.
Thomas Straubhaar Prof. Dr. Klaus F. Zimmermann 《Population research and policy review》1993,12(3):225-241
The stagnating West European population combined with the prosperous economic development of the European Community (EC) generate strong economic incentives for immigration. The drastic political changes in Eastern Europe have caused additional migration pressures. There are a variety of problems with the economic and political integration of migrants, however. The paper argues that immigration can compensate for demographic losses due to the decline and ageing of the European labor force. Economic theory further predicts welfare gains from free factor movements, which should be reaped as long as social costs and adjustment costs are not prohibitive. An active European migration policy is recommended to achieve this aim.This article is a completely revised version of CEPR Discussion Paper No. 641, presented by the second author at the CEPR Workshop The economies of migration on 23 November 1991 in London, UK, and at a hearing of the European Parliament on 25 May 1992 in Bruxelles, Belgium. 相似文献