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81.
Hauer K Lord SR Lindemann U Lamb SE Aminian K Schwenk M 《Journal of aging and physical activity》2011,19(4):347-372
The purpose of this study was to validate a new interview-administered physical activity questionnaire (Assessment of Physical Activity in Frail Older People; APAFOP) in older people with and without cognitive impairment. The authors assessed feasibility, validity, and test-retest reliability in 168 people (n = 78 with, n = 88 without cognitive impairment). Concurrent validity was assessed against an inertia-based motion sensor and an established questionnaire. Sensitivity to change was tested in an ongoing study in patients with mild to moderate dementia (n = 81). Assessment of physical activity by the APAFOP and the motion sensor correlated well in the total sample (TS; p = .705), as well as in the subsamples with cognitive impairment (CI; p = .585) and without CI (p = .787). Excellent feasibility with an acceptance rate of 100%, test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients ranging from .973 (TS) to .975 (CI) to .966 (no CI), and sensitivity to change (effect sizes: 0.35-1.47) were found in both subsamples. 相似文献
82.
Etienne B. Roesch Lucas Tamarit Lionel Reveret Didier Grandjean David Sander Klaus R. Scherer 《Journal of Nonverbal Behavior》2011,35(1):1-16
To investigate the perception of emotional facial expressions, researchers rely on shared sets of photos or videos, most often
generated by actor portrayals. The drawback of such standardized material is a lack of flexibility and controllability, as
it does not allow the systematic parametric manipulation of specific features of facial expressions on the one hand, and of
more general properties of the facial identity (age, ethnicity, gender) on the other. To remedy this problem, we developed
FACSGen: a novel tool that allows the creation of realistic synthetic 3D facial stimuli, both static and dynamic, based on
the Facial Action Coding System. FACSGen provides researchers with total control over facial action units, and corresponding
informational cues in 3D synthetic faces. We present four studies validating both the software and the general methodology
of systematically generating controlled facial expression patterns for stimulus presentation. 相似文献
83.
84.
H Klaus 《Journal of American college health : J of ACH》1983,32(3):114-120
Despite skepticism on the part of the health care delivery system, increasing numbers of women and couples are relying on natural family planning methods to avoid or achieve pregnancy. Most clients require 2-4 cycles to become familiar with the delineation of the fertile phase. Both the ovulation and the sympto-thermal methods are considered to have a method effectiveness of at least 98%. Teaching-related unplanned pregnancies fall below 5%. Use of the Billings ovulation method requires the couple to abstain from intercourse from the beginning of mucus until the 4th day after peak. The sympto-thermal method is preferred by those desiring a multiple-index approach. 75-80% of users of this method can detect cervical softening and dilatation, and 50% are aware of the change of position of the cervix. Knowledge of mucus buildup patterns can be expecially important for adolescents, lactating women, and premenopausal women in helping them to determine whether cycles are ovulatory. Instruction in interpretation of the mucus cycle is further advised in cases of infertility. Unwillingness of the partners to practice it constitutes the only contraindication to natural family planning. However, couples are advised to wait for the postovulatory infertile phase of the cycle to have intercourse in cases where prgnancy would pose a serious threat to the life of the mother or fetus. Although some groups recommend the use of a barrier method rather than abstinence during fertile periods, this practice makes mucus recognition more difficult and impedes confidence in the method. Attainment of couple autonomy in natural family planning involves 2 phases: 1) correct recognition of the signs of fertility and 2) comfort with periodic asbsinence. Successful autonomy is reflected in the high continuation rates found in programs that offer adequate counseling support. 相似文献
85.
We report an experiment on two treatments of an ultimatum minigame. In one treatment, responders reactions are hidden to proposers. We observe high rejection rates reflecting responders intrinsic resistance to unfairness. In the second treatment, proposers are informed, allowing for dynamic effects over eight rounds of play. The higher rejection rates can be attributed to responders provision of a public good: Punishment creates a group reputation for being tough and effectively educate proposers. Since rejection rates with informed proposers drop to the level of the treatment with non-informed proposers, the hypothesis of responders enjoyment of overt punishment is not supported. 相似文献
86.
The t distribution has proved to be a useful alternative to the normal distribution especially When robust estimation is desired. We consider the multivariate nonlinear Student-t regression model and show that the biased of the estimates of the regression coefficients can be computed from an auxiliary generalized linear regression. We give a formula for the biases of the estimates of the parameters in the scale matrix, which also can be computed by means of a generalized linear regression. We briefly discuss some important special cases and present simulation results which indicate that our bias-corrected estimates outperform the uncorrected ones in small samples. 相似文献
87.
The purpose of the paper is to provide a general framework for analyzing “preference for opportunities.” Based on two simple
axioms a fundamental result due to Kreps is used in order to represent rankings of opportunity sets in terms of multiple preferences.
The paper provides several refinements of the basic representation theorem. In particular, a condition of “closedness under
compromise” is suggested in order to distinguish the flexibility interpretation of the model from normative interpretations which play a crucial role in justifying the intrinsic value of opportunities. Moreover, the paper clarifies the link between the multiple preference approach and the “choice function”
approach to evaluating opportunities. In particular, it is shown how the well-known Aizerman/Malishevski result on rationalizability
of choice functions can be obtained as a corollary from the more general multiple preference representation of a ranking of
opportunity sets.
Received: 3 September 1996 / Accepted: 18 August 1997 相似文献
88.
We study the dividend policy of firms in regulated network industries, focusing on the impact of different regulatory regimes and government control. We link payout and smoothing decisions to different regulatory mechanisms (cost‐based vs. incentive regulation) and state versus private ownership. We test our predictions on a panel of listed European electric utilities, accounting for potential endogeneity of the choice of regulatory and ownership patterns. We find that incentive‐regulated firms smooth their dividends less than cost‐based regulated firms and that they report higher target payout ratios. Consistent with the interest group theory of regulation, we find that incentive regulation schemes are less likely when the state is still an important shareholder in the sector. Additionally, our results show that government control undermines the efficiency‐enhancing effects of incentive regulation on dividend policy, for example, lower smoothing is only due to private firms. (JEL G35, L51, L32, L9) 相似文献
89.
Aiming at a more comprehensive assessment of nonverbal vocal emotion communication, this article presents the development and validation of a new rating instrument for the assessment of perceived voice and speech features. In two studies, using two different sets of emotion portrayals by German and French actors, ratings of perceived voice and speech characteristics (loudness, pitch, intonation, sharpness, articulation, roughness, instability, and speech rate) were obtained from non-expert (untrained) listeners. In addition, standard acoustic parameters were extracted from the voice samples. Overall, highly similar patterns of results were found in both studies. Rater agreement (reliability) reached highly satisfactory levels for most features. Multiple discriminant analysis results reveal that both perceived vocal features and acoustic parameters allow a high degree of differentiation of the actor-portrayed emotions. Positive emotions can be classified with a higher hit rate on the basis of perceived vocal features, confirming suggestions in the literature that it is difficult to find acoustic valence indicators. The results show that the suggested scales (Geneva Voice Perception Scales) can be reliably measured and make a substantial contribution to a more comprehensive assessment of the process of emotion inferences from vocal expression. 相似文献
90.
Invited article: Face,voice, and body in detecting deceit 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Paul Ekman Maureen O'Sullivan Wallace V. Friesen Klaus R. Scherer 《Journal of Nonverbal Behavior》1991,15(2):125-135
Studies based on mean accuracy of a group of subjects suggest that most observers do no better than chance in detecting the lies of others. We argue that a case-by-case methodology, like that used in polygraphy studies may be more useful. Three behavioral measures (two kinds of smiles and pitch) were used to make predictions about the lying or truthfulness of each of 31 subjects. A case-by-case analysis of the hits and misses achieved in this way yielded an over-all accuracy of 86%. The effect on lie detection accuracy of individual differences in the use and control of different behavioral channels is discussed.Paul Ekman's work is supported by a Research Scientist Award from the National Institute of Mental Health (MH 06092). 相似文献