转型视角下的欧洲联盟治理

关注欧洲治理的转型使我们面临困惑,虽然各成员国主权与管理权力的转让日渐增加。但根据国家意愿来制定政策这一原则依然显示出无限的活力。在欧洲决策中,私人利益与公共利益之间的天平似乎已向前者倾斜而对后者不利,但正是欧洲政体的特殊性质使得公共行为体得以继续存在。为了更好地理解欧洲治理的转型,采取不同的研究方法可能会有所助益。这不是指政府不同层级或不同种类的利益行为体之间权力关系的改变,而是指治理实践的变化和对治理内涵的理解。     

The final 2000 Census state response rates: myths and realities

The decennial United States Census of Population determines not only political representation, but also how more than $185 billion of federal funds are allocated. Hence, there is intense interest in who responds, or does not respond, to Census queries. Both the popular media and the Bureau of the Census officials have developed a set of informal hypotheses which speak to who responds. Nine such hypotheses are identified and tested. For example, it is alleged that the elderly do not respond to the Census as often as others. Also, it is asserted that Republican politicians and talk show hosts diminished 2000 Census participation. No evidence is found to support these propositions. Empirical support is found for the media/Census view of the world in only two of nine cases and partial support in one. In two cases, the evidence neither supports nor rejects the hypotheses. In two cases, the evidence partially rejects the hypothesis, and in two cases, more strongly rejects the hypotheses. The results are sufficiently strong that they should inspire increased caution in media reporting and in the statements of Bureau of the Census officials.     

A multistage analysis strategy for a clinical trial to assess successively more stringent criteria for a primary endpoint with a low event rate

This paper describes how a multistage analysis strategy for a clinical trial can assess a sequence of hypotheses that pertain to successively more stringent criteria for excess risk exclusion or superiority for a primary endpoint with a low event rate. The criteria for assessment can correspond to excess risk of an adverse event or to a guideline for sufficient efficacy as in the case of vaccine trials. The proposed strategy is implemented through a set of interim analyses, and success for one or more of the less stringent criteria at an interim analysis can be the basis for a regulatory submission, whereas the clinical trial continues to accumulate information to address the more stringent, but not futile, criteria. Simulations show that the proposed strategy is satisfactory for control of type I error, sufficient power, and potential success at interim analyses when the true relative risk is more favorable than assumed for the planned sample size. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Basic Demonstration of the [-1, 1] Range for the Correlation Coefficient

The structure of the variance of linear functions of two variables is used to show that the correlation coefficient lies in the range [-1, 1]. It also allows the role of the correlation coefficient in linear regression to be described.     

The glm log-rank test:general linear modeling of log-rank scores as a method of analysis for survival data

The use of general linear modeling (GLM) procedures based on log-rank scores is proposed for the analysis of survival data and compared to standard survival analysis procedures. For the comparison of two groups, this approach performed similarly to the traditional log-rank test. In the case of more complicated designs - without ties in the survival times - the approach was only marginally less powerful than tests from proportional hazards models, and clearly less powerful than a likelihood ratio test for a fully parametric model; however, with ties in the survival time, the approach proved more powerful than tests from Cox's semi-parametric proportional hazards procedure. The method appears to provide a reasonably powerful alternative for the analysis of survival data, is easily used in complicated study designs, avoids (semi-)parametric assumptions, and is quite computationally easy and inexpensive to employ.     

The Differential Impact of the COVID-19 Crisis on Small-Scale Development Initiatives,a Cross-Country Comparison

VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations - The COVID-19 pandemic presents Northern-based development organisations with unprecedented difficulties. They are...     

Längsschnittdaten und Mehrebenenanalyse

In the present article a few basic multilevel models for longitudinal data are introduced and applied to the Household Income and Labor Dynamics in Australia Survey 10 (HILDA) for demonstrational purposes. The covered models are adaptions of the random-intercept-only model, the random-intercept models and the random- intercept random-slope model with and without level-1 and level-2 predictors to longitudinal data. The modeling of contextual effects is covered. One particularity in longitudinal data is the fact that persons (level-2) may be regarded as the context of the time-varying observations on level-1. To incorporate the macro-level of sociology, it is necessary to expand the model to a third level. A model with three levels is introduced and in addition a simple growth curve model and a multivariate multilevel model are presented.     

A LINEAR PROGRAMMING MODEL OF RESOURCE ALLOCATION IN A UNIVERSITY*

This paper describes the application of a linear programming model to the process of resource allocation at Illinois State University. The model developed is a general model designed to assist academic administrators in allocating the scarce resources at their disposal. The model, and the assumptions upon which it is based, may be altered to suit the particular decision criteria of any particular academic institution. The linear programming model developed here maximizes an objective function which reflects the total net social profit realized by the university on its outputs to society. This objective function was maximized subject to a myriad of constraints which reflected the limitations of budget, space, and other scarce inputs. Further, the constraints reflect the joint interdependency of many parts of the university and the particular educational delivery system employed by a given department. The outputs of the model include the optimal mixture of academic outputs by the university, the optimal distribution and usage of inputs inside the university, and the shadow price of each input. While the linear programming model developed here is general and may be applied to any university, it was applied to Illinois State University in this paper. In the case of Illinois State University, the model recommended a substantial reduction in emphasis upon teacher education.