Comparison of five approaches to keeping power line maintainers' hands warm during work in the cold

Electric utility workers in Canada must frequently work in the cold and must wear thick rubber gloves which can result in rapid fatigue and reduced performance. The purpose of the study was therefore to document the challenge of working in the cold wearing the standard five-finger rubber gloves and covers and compare them to two equipment options, mitten style gloves or a prototype wool liner, and two heating options, glove or torso heating. The dependent measures were grip force, temperature, dexterity (modified Purdue pegboard test and a simulated occupational task), finger sensitivity (Von Frey hair test), perceived effort and thermal sensation. The study population consisted of 10 experienced male utility workers. They worked in a controlled temperature walk-in chamber (-20 degrees Celsius) and performed simulated utility work for 45 minutes with interspersed test batteries. The mitten style glove and woolen liner in a standard glove reduced the effects of working in the cold compared to the standard five-fingered variety with a thin cotton liner. We found that the mitten style glove showed lesser drops in skin temperature for the 3rd and 5th digits than the other conditions (p < 0.05).     

Dual Earner Husbands and Wives: Marital Satisfaction and the Workplace Culture of Each Spouse

This article focuses on the relationship between workplace culture and marital satisfaction for dual-earner husbands and wives (N?=?156 couples). We use contagion theory as a framework, and posit that the experiences of both partners contribute to perceptions of marital satisfaction held by individual spouses. Breaking workplace culture into three components (time demands, work pressure, and workplace social support), we find evidence in the full model of both individual (spillover) and spousal (crossover) effects for the marital satisfaction of dual-earner wives, and spousal (crossover) effects for dual-earner husbands. In particular, our analyses highlight the important role played by wives?? workplace social support. Implications of the study are discussed.     

Motherhood as a Gendered Entitlement: Intentionality, “Othering,” and Homosociality in the Online Infertility Community

La maternité est un des plus grands rites de passage vers la féminité adulte chez les femmes. Cependant, toutes les femmes n'ont pas accès à cette maternité. Dans cet article, j'explore la communauté des personnes infertiles en ligne, dans lesquelles les femmes traient de leur exclusion et expriment leur incrédulité face à la perspective d'avoir un enfant biologique. Les femmes considèrent leur infertilité comme une injustice, ce qui les mène à revendiquer cette maternité. Je soutiens que la façon dont les femmes revendiquent la maternité change notre compréhension de la maternité comme norme du genre féminin. La maternité est plus que la poursuite d'une identité du genre féminin; c'est également un droit de la femme. Cette recherche pousse en avant les conceptualisations analytiques de la maternité, tout en enrichissant de façon empirique nos connaissances face à l'homosocialité des femmes. Motherhood is one of the most enduring rites of passage to adult femininity for women. However, not all women have access to motherhood. In this paper, I explore the online infertility community wherein women blog to process their exclusion, expressing incredulity about the prospect of never having a biological child of their own. Women understand their infertility as an injustice, leading them to lay claim to motherhood. I argue that how women lay claim to motherhood changes our understanding of motherhood as a gendered norm. Motherhood is more than a pursuit of a gender identity; it is also a gendered entitlement. This research pushes analytic conceptualizations of motherhood forward, while also empirically enriching our knowledge about women's homosociality.     

Borderline personality disorder across the lifespan

Borderline personality disorder is characterized by affective dysregulation, intense, unstable interpersonal relationships, impulsivity and unstable identity. It overlaps considerably with both PTSD and bipolar spectrum disorders. Research on true late-life BPD is limited, but suggests that some of the core features of BPD including interpersonal difficulties, unstable affect and anger remain relatively unchanged, while impulsivity and identity disturbance decline or change their mode of expression in late life. Diagnosis of BPD in late life requires both flexible application of the standard diagnostic criteria as well as a thorough longitudinal history. The etiology of BPD is best explained as a combination of genetic, neurobiological vulnerability combined with childhood trauma, abuse or neglect that leads to dysregulated emotions, distorted cognitions, social skills deficits, and few adaptive coping strategies. Treatment options include pharmacotherapy (especially mood stabilizers, SSRIs and atypical antipsychotics) and psychotherapeutic interventions that focus on distress tolerance, affective regulation, changing distorted beliefs, and introducing new social and relationship problem solving skills (especially Dialectical Behavior Therapy and Schema Focused Cognitive Therapy). In late life care environments, such as nursing homes and other residential facilities, staff need to be empowered to set appropriate limits on problematic behavior while maintaining empathy and validating the painful affect patients often experience.     

Survival,abundance, and capture rate of eastern cottontail rabbits in an urban park

Eastern cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus) are common, conspicuous denizens of urban environments. They are associated with human-wildlife conflict due to vegetation damage. Prior to this study, population dynamics of this species in urban environments remained largely uncharacterized. For three consecutive winters, we used classic field ecology methods (mark-recapture and mark–resight surveys) to estimate demographic parameters of rabbits in a city park in Chicago, Illinois. Rabbits occurred in densities as high as 16.3 rabbits/ha, which is comparatively high for the Midwestern United States. An annual survivorship of 30.4?±?12.9 % SE was similar to that observed in natural environments in similar climates. This result refuted our hypothesis that urban rabbits would have higher annual survival rates than rabbits in natural settings due to food subsidies supplied by landscaping in parks. Mean distance between trap locations for rabbits trapped three or more times was 43.14?±?30.01 m SD, suggesting that rabbits in the urban study area had smaller home ranges than rabbits in non-human-dominated habitats. This study contributes to our understanding of population dynamics of a human-wildlife conflict species in urban environments and provides useful information for managers dealing with damage caused by rabbits. The mark-resight method employed here could be used by managers to estimate pre- and post-management population sizes of other conflict species, for example Canada geese (Branta Canadensis), in parks and green spaces, provided that the species is trappable, visible, and individuals have relatively small home ranges.     

马克思和罗尔斯论资本主义及其市场的正义

马克思和罗尔斯(Rawls)看起来对正义持十分不同的观点.马克思声称,正义观念在意识形态领域起着作用,它代表着具有普遍约束力的主要生产方式所要求的行为.罗尔斯认为,正义乃是一个社会的首要美德,所有社会成员遵守正义原则,公平地、理性地精心处理社会合作的责任和利益的公平分配问题.我认为,虽然马克思和罗尔斯对正义持不同观点,但这种不同能够得以协调.虽然黑格尔和康德对马克思和罗尔斯有着不同的影响,他们的观点有相通之处.在提出一个明确的关于正义的政治观念时,罗尔斯认为可接受的正义原则必须是在社会制度中可实现的,这样他的"康德建构主义"思想接近于黑格尔学派的思想.也正是通过依靠黑格尔思想马克思建立了他的反对普遍的、社会的正义优越性原则.我认为马克思和罗尔斯都在致力于寻求一个能够实现公平的正义原则的社会制度.然而,他们的观点存在二个重要差别.首先,马克思似乎在构想一个休谟和罗尔斯特别提到的"公平环境"的社会.而对于罗尔斯来说,一个超越公平环境的社会就是乌托邦①.其次,马克思认为市场关系应该被看作是社会的根基,因为市场关系内在地包含在劳动者同社会的生产过程和劳动者同他们的社会劳动产品的异化中.然而,在一个充满公平环境的社会中,市场的消除是可能的.罗尔斯声称,在任何一个需要公平解决竞争要求的社会里,市场的消除是不可能的.我想,只要我们把马克思反对市场看作是本质上反对"商品拜物主义",马克思和罗尔斯的观点是能够被和解的.总之,我认为,除了马克思的未来无阶级社会观念有些乌托邦色彩外,马克思和罗尔斯对资本主义及其市场的正义的观点应该相当接近.     

Sexual harassment in contemporary workplaces: Contextualizing structural vulnerabilities

Recent high‐profile cases of unwanted sexual attention in the workplace and the vibrancy of the associated #MeToo movement have drawn attention to the need to continue to explore workplace sexual harassment. In this article, we review existing literature on workplace sexual harassment, with an emphasis on the roles of power and structural vulnerability—key factors underlying sexual harassment. We argue for the need to contextualize structural vulnerabilities, with an eye towards uncovering how dimensions of power and vulnerability vary across workplaces, creating different mechanisms contributing to sexual harassment in specific contexts. With this backdrop, we then use the restaurant service industry as an example to illustrate the unique structural vulnerabilities workers are exposed to in this environment. We conclude with a discussion of the importance of continuing to investigate the dynamics of sexual harassment, especially with work that takes an intersectional approach.     

Comparison of Past Year Substance Use Estimates by Age,Sex, and Race/Ethnicity Between Two Representative Samples of the U.S. Adult Population

Population Research and Policy Review - Comparative evaluations of national survey data can improve future survey design and sampling strategies thereby enhancing our ability to detect important...     

The development of gaze following in monolingual and bilingual infants: A multi-laboratory study

Determining the meanings of words requires language learners to attend to what other people say. However, it behooves a young language learner to simultaneously encode relevant non-verbal cues, for example, by following the direction of their eye gaze. Sensitivity to cues such as eye gaze might be particularly important for bilingual infants, as they encounter less consistency between words and objects than monolingual infants, and do not always have access to the same word-learning heuristics (e.g., mutual exclusivity). In a preregistered study, we tested the hypothesis that bilingual experience would lead to a more pronounced ability to follow another's gaze. We used a gaze-following paradigm developed by Senju and Csibra (Current Biology, 18, 2008, 668) to test a total of 93 6- to 9-month-old and 229 12- to 15-month-old monolingual and bilingual infants, in 11 laboratories located in 8 countries. Monolingual and bilingual infants showed similar gaze-following abilities, and both groups showed age-related improvements in speed, accuracy, frequency, and duration of fixations to congruent objects. Unexpectedly, bilinguals tended to make more frequent fixations to on-screen objects, whether or not they were cued by the actor. These results suggest that gaze sensitivity is a fundamental aspect of development that is robust to variation in language exposure.