中国古代慈善事业的发展特点

中国古代慈善事业在漫长的历史发展过程中不但逐渐形成了庞杂而丰富的思想体系,而且其慈善主体也实现了从最初单纯的国家慈善到以国家慈善为主、宗族慈善和宗教慈善为重要补充的多元化发展过程。另外,中国古代慈善事业的发展轨迹还明显具备与整个中国古代社会兴衰相表里的重要特点。     

Ballot Design and Unrecorded Votes on Paper-Based Ballots

The 2000 presidential election focused attention on the problemof unrecorded votes, in which a person casts a ballot but failsto record a valid vote for a particular contest. Although muchrecent research has evaluated voting technologies and theireffects on unrecorded votes, there has been little researchon the effects of ballot design. We argue that the same theoriesused to design and evaluate self-administered surveys can beused to analyze ballot features. We collect and code paper-basedballots used in the 2002 general election from 250 countiesin 5 states. We code the ballots in terms of several graphicdesign elements, including the content and location of ballotinstructions and the layout of candidate names and office titles.Our analysis suggests that several ballot features are associatedwith unrecorded votes (both overvotes and undervotes) in thegubernatorial contests. We also find that ballot design featuresexacerbate the racial disparity in unrecorded votes. Ballotdesign can be an important factor in determining whether votersare able to cast a ballot accurately, which can influence thelegitimacy of elections.     

Great project management=IT success

Discover how creating a formal project management office can help a health care organization achieve on-time information technology projects that stay within their budgets.     

Overview of evidence-based practice with older adults and their families

Over the past decade, there has been tremendous growth in the movement to enhance the delivery of quality services through the use of evidence-based interventions. While a growing number of reviews have examined the effectiveness of pharmacological interventions for older adults, few have examined the status of psychosocial interventions for the older population. The purpose of this special volume is to increase researchers' and practitioners' knowledge of evidence-based treatments for older adults and their family members. To this end, a thorough review of the extant research on psychosocial interventions available to address the varied health, mental health/cognitive, and social role challenges faced by older adults and family caregivers is provided.     

Infusing Content on Older People with Developmental Disabilities into the Curriculum

Although older people with developmental disabilities (OPDD) are living longer than before and appearing more often as clients of social workers, this population has not been included in the growing effort to prepare social work students for practice with older clients. This article explores the issues unique to OPDD and their families. Using a model based on an ecological perspective, it indicates appropriate content on OPDD for infusion into social work curricula at the micro-, meso-, exo-, and macrosystem levels. It also suggests relevant content for four foundation sequences.     

Knowledge of and attitudes toward aging among non-elders: gender and race differences

Although the aging process begins at birth, fears about late adulthood can foster anxiety in younger cohorts about this time of life. This study examines the relationship between non-elderly subjects' (n = 884, 18-55 years) knowledge of and anxieties regarding personal aging and their gender and race. We hypothesized that non-elderly women and persons of color, those who will experience multiple jeopardy in their own late life, would report greater anxiety about their own aging process than did men and majority group members. Women did report lower income and education levels, less knowledge of aging, greater anxiety related to their own aging process, and more time involved in caregiving activities. People of color also differed from Caucasians in certain dimensions of knowledge and anxiety. Implications from these results include the creation of public educational strategies and the organization of women and minorities to more actively address the development and shape of age-related policies.     

Impact of Social Work Education on Student Attitudes and Behavior concerning Oppression

Although human service professionals increasingly are the victims of violence, no data exist on the prevalence of violence in the undergraduate field setting, and only one study has addressed the incidence of violence at the graduate level. To fill this gap in the research, the authors surveyed 121 social work students and 96 field instructors at the undergraduate and graduate levels to identify safety issues, compare incidents of violence, and to examine agency policies on violence prevention and management. Findings revealed that undergraduate and graduate students experienced verbal abuse, as well as physical violence. Field instructors were verbally abused or threatened by clients, but did not report any verbal abuse by students; they also reported physical assaults by clients and paraprofessionals. Students reported that, although they received some classroom instruction on safety issues in practice, agencies used as practicum sites often did not have policies on violence or did not inform students of those policies. The authors suggest that curriculum materials on violence and safety issues be integrated into the curriculum or included in field placement seminars. They also recommend that the Council on Social Work Education mandate the inclusion of such content.     

When Public Tragedies Happen: Community Practice Approaches in Grief,Loss, and Recovery

Although an expansive literature exists on individual experiences after a catastrophic event, there is less attention to how the community as a social structure experiences a significant tragedy. These public tragedies create disruptions across multiple domains of community functioning. Using the Community Capacity Model (Hart, 1999) as a framework for assessment, outcomes of a public tragedy are described. Additionally, community practice approaches are identified for the three phases that communities subsequently experience: crisis, processing of the event, and adaptation.     

Evidence-based interventions with older adults: concluding thoughts

Taken collectively, the articles in this volume provide a method to assess psychosocial outcome research in aging. Although the outcome literature on effective interventions with older adults is uneven across condition and treatment approaches, there are some particular intervention methods that have received consistent research support. This article condenses the rich analyses presented by the volume authors and summarizes the interventions for which some evidence base exists by life issue/condition (health, mental health/cognitive and social rules) and outcomes achieved.