The extended enterprise-a context for manufacturing

Today's manufacturing enterprises face tremendous competitive pressures. Global competition, together with market demands for customized products delivered just in time, place tremendous pressures on manufacturers. The emerging global economy is rapidly replacing local markets. The emergence of open markets, reductions in trade barriers, and improvements in transportation and communications links have led to a situation where local competition and markets operate in the context of global standards. This open infrastructure allows manufacturers to respond to these challenges by working more closely with their suppliers and customers, and by building extended enterprises across the whole value chain. Such extended enterprises present great challenges in terms of redesigning business processes to create a competitive advantage from the linkages they include. This paper describes the manufacturing philosophies currently in vogue. Any manufacturing or related business will need to use them, albeit tailored to its own circumstances, in one form or the other, to ensure its prosperity.     

INFORMATION INTERDEPENDENCE: Keohane and Nye's complex interdependence in the information age

A well-known and respected attempt to theorize interdependence in the field of international relations is complex interdependence. In Power and Interdependence , Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Jr define interdependence as reciprocal effects among actors resulting from 'international transactions - flows of money, goods, people and messages across international boundaries'. Though much research has been done on the effects of interdependence on the first three, the flows of messages have been studied less often. Keohane and Nye addressed the issue in a 1998 article in Foreign Affairs , discussing changes in the global environment resulting from the information age which have had an impact on their ideas. This article proposes to go deeper into complex interdependence. The world is becoming increasingly 'information interdependent' and this essay is an attempt to apply the assumptions and concepts presented in complex interdependence to the information age. In the final analysis, complex interdependence complements research from the field of communications, that information flows should be understood as underlying mechanisms and processes that facilitate contextual understanding of issues. It maintains the integrity of the assumptions of complex interdependence, while adding an understanding of the nature of information and information flows.     

A divergence test for autoregressive time series models

In this paper, we study the normality test for the innovations of unstable autoregressive models based on the divergence test. In order to investigate the asymptotic behavior of the tests, we use the link between the divergence test and the residual empirical process. Simulation results are provided for illustration.     

Testing for lack of fit in linear multiresponse models based on exact or near replicates

Three procedures for testing the adequacy of a proposed linear multiresponse regression model against unspecified general alternatives are considered. The model has an error structure with a matrix normal distribution which allows the vector of responses for a particular run to have an unknown covariance matrix while the responses for different runs are uncorrelated. Furthermore, each response variable may be modeled by a separate design matrix. Multivariate statistics corresponding to the classical univariate lack of fit and pure error sums of squares are defined and used to determine the multivariate lack of fit tests. A simulation study was performed to compare the power functions of the test procedures in the case of replication. Generalizations of the tests for the case in which there are no independent replicates on all responses are also presented.     

THE PROCESS OF CHANGE IN COUPLES THERAPY: A QUALITATIVE INVESTIGATION

Open-ended interviews with 24 couples therapy clients regarding their experience of the process of change revealed shifts in clusters of affect, communication, and cognition. Six additional contextual preconditions for change were also identified. The change process within couples was uniformly reported to be gradual.     

Tightened single-level continuous sampling plan

In this paper, a new tightening concept has been incorporated into the single-level continuous sampling plan CSP-1, such that quality degradation will warrant sampling inspection to cease beyond a certain number of sampled items, until new evidence of good quality is established. The expressions of the performance measures for this new plan, such as the operating characteristic, average outgoing quality and average fraction inspected, are derived using a Markov chain model. The advantage of the tightened CSP-1 plan is that it is possible to lower the average outgoing quality limit.     

A Note on Regression-Type Estimators Using Multiple Auxiliary Information

Kiregyera (1984), Mukerjee, Rao & Vijayan (1987), and Tripathi & Ahmed (1995) considered a number of regression-type estimators where information on two auxiliary variables related to study variable is available at different levels. Mukerjee et al . (1987) suggested three estimators and computed their mean square errors, but the computations seem to be incorrect. This note corrects them, and finds their estimators are no better than that of Kiregyera (1984). The estimator suggested by Tripathi & Ahmed (1995) is the best in the sense of having the smallest mean square error.