Job-related diversity: the comprehensiveness and speed of board decision-making processes—an upper echelons approach

Strategic decision-making processes influence firm-level outcomes. Using the theory of upper echelons, this study investigates how diversity in directors’ skills, knowledge, and industry experience influence board decision-making processes that may impact overall strategic decision-making processes. Such diversity has been commonly accepted to be a ‘double-edged sword’—enhancing comprehensiveness but hindering the speed of decision-making. On the contrary, we used an existing large survey database to show that directors’ diverse educational background, functional background, and industry experience (job-related diversity) have a positive effect on comprehensiveness as well as the speed of board decision-making. In addition, our results indicate that board processes (directors’ use of their knowledge and skills) play an important role by transmitting the positive effects of diversity. The study is in a tradition of exploring how boards may influence firms’ strategic decision-making processes. Our findings provide additional arguments for adding job-related diversity to boards of directors.     

新创企业市场导向对产品创新绩效的影响机制

  产品创新对于新创企业成长至关重要,关于市场导向对产品创新影响的研究仍存在诸多不足,缺乏对市场导向影响产品创新绩效路径和机理的深入探讨,不同市场导向对产品创新绩效影响路径和机理是否存在差异仍未厘清,影响效应随外部市场环境变化发生何种变化也并不明晰。另外,已有研究更多是针对成熟企业,缺乏以新创企业为对象的深入研究。         依据资源基础理论和战略匹配理论,探讨新创企业先动型和反应型市场导向对产品创新绩效的直接作用和间接作用及作用的机制。以技术能力和营销能力为中介变量,以市场动荡性为调节变量,构建新创企业先动型和反应型市场导向影响产品创新绩效的理论模型。采取大样本问卷调查方法,收集145家新创企业的数据,运用多元线性回归分析对提出的假设进行实证检验。         研究结果表明,先动型和反应型市场导向对产品创新绩效均有显著直接正向影响,相对于反应型市场导向,先动型市场导向对产品创新绩效的影响更大;先动型和反应型市场导向均通过技术能力和营销能力对产品创新绩效产生间接正向影响,先动型市场导向更依赖于技术能力对产品创新绩效产生影响,而反应型市场导向更依赖于营销能力对产品创新绩效产生影响;市场动荡性在先动型市场导向影响产品创新绩效过程中起正向调节作用,在反应型市场导向影响产品创新绩效过程中起负向调节作用。         研究结果发现了市场导向和战略能力对产品创新绩效的重要影响,从战略和能力层面拓展新创企业产品创新前因变量的研究;发现技术能力和营销能力的中介效应以及市场动荡性的调节效应,揭示了先动型和反应型市场导向作用于产品创新绩效的内在路径和外在条件,深化了对新创企业产品创新实现路径的理论认识,为市场导向如何向产品创新转化提供了微观知识基础。同时,也为新创企业依据市场条件选择市场导向战略、配置相应战略能力,进而提升产品创新绩效提供理论指导。     

混合泊松违约强度下信用资产组合风险度量

基于共同风险因子的相依关系转换为不同资产的违约示性函数的相依关系来刻画的思想,利用参数为Gamma分布线性组合的Poisson分布来描述不同资产的违约示性函数的相依关系,建立基于混合泊松分布的信用资产组合多因子的风险度量模型,并引入重要抽样技术到模型进行有效数值模拟计算,拓宽和丰富信用资产组合风险度量模型.进一步地,结合中国金融市场四个产业的数据把混合泊松分布应用到实证研究中.在模型的构建过程中,首先运用经典的结构模型和期权定价公式估计单个债务人的动态违约概率;再利用单资产动态违约概率得到混合泊松模型下每个资产的动态泊松强度;接着结合共同风险因子的值求得资产不同的因子载荷系数,该因子载荷系数反映了不同资产间的相依结构程度;最后,把重要抽样技术发展到混合泊松模型中,对由不同产业组成的信用资产组合的损失分布进行有效Monte Carlo模拟.模拟结果表明该算法比普通Monte Carlo模拟法的计算效率更有效,且能很大程度上减少所要估计的损失概率的方差.     

21世纪以来我国民族语言政策与规划研究文献的计量分析

本文运用文献计量软件Citespace对CNKI数据库中民族语言政策与规划领域的核心期刊文献进行了系统的可视化分析,绘制了国内该领域研究热点的聚类图谱及热点词演进趋势图谱,并从年代、作者及机构等方面进行了数据解读。通过研究能够直观、清晰地得出我国民族语言政策与规划研究的研究现状和不足。针对研究方法单一,视角单一以及研究不成体系等问题,提出针对性的建议,可为今后相关领域的研究提供参考和借鉴。     

Latent Character Strength Profile and Grouping Effects

Social Indicators Research - Previous studies have shown that personality types may lead to different health status. The current study aims to refine a previous typological profile of strength...     

The effect of urbanization gradients and forest types on microclimatic regulation by trees,in association with climate,tree sizes and species compositions in Harbin city,northeastern China

Urban Ecosystems - Rapid urbanization and climate change require stronger microclimatic regulation by urban trees, and maximizing their cooling, humidifying, and shading functions requires an exact...     

扩大的家族——藏族民间组织沙尼调查

沙尼是甘南藏区一种独特的民间组织,它类似于汉族的家族,但在结构与功能上又有明显扩大。沙尼可区分为亲房沙尼和田地沙尼,亲沙尼、一般沙尼与外沙尼,也有伴随民间互助需求而出现的"新沙尼"。反映在实际运行中,不同沙尼又体现出不同的特征和结构,一些沙尼有自己的山神,有共同的祭祀活动,在民间红白事、盖房等人生重大事件中发挥着重要作用,对分家、纠纷调解等也有重要影响。沙尼有悠久的历史,不同时期表现出不同特征。新时期发展趋势主要表现在三个方面:分家导致沙尼的结构扩大;外出打工造成传统职能弱化,总体影响力下降;血缘向社区互助组织转化的特色更加明显。沙尼对农村社区和谐与稳定有着不可替代的重要作用。     

The Reproduction of Gender Inequality in Sweden: A Causal Mechanism Approach

In many respects, Sweden is maybe the country where public policies to increase the equality between men and women have been most prolonged and advanced. In 1996 the UN declared Sweden to be the most gender‐equal country in the world. However, women still take much more responsibility for children and domestic work than men do, leading to the reproduction of gender inequality in the labour market and in society at large. A causal mechanism is used to analyse this phenomenon, starting from the observation that men are on average three years older than women and thus already have a stronger position on the labour market when a heterosexual couple is formed. This increases the risk that the woman will lose the first negotiations on how to divide household and wage labour when they have children. This will in turn lead to increasing returns for the man, increasing the risk that she will lose subsequent negotiations about the division of labour. What seems to be a rational arrangement for both (increasing the total income for the family) results in the reproduction of gender inequality. The analysis shows that gender inequality in a country like Sweden is reproduced behind the backs of the agents.     

对推动高校学雷锋活动常态化的思考

大学生正处于世界观、人生观、价值观形成的关键时期,迫切需要先进典型的感召与引领、崇高精神的激励与熏陶。高校应结合当前学雷锋活动情况,创新学习教育内容,加强开展学雷锋活动意义、雷锋先进事迹和雷锋精神内涵的教育：采取丰富多彩的形式,在学习教育活动、校园文化建设和志愿者服务实践中,大力弘扬和积极践行雷锋精神;完善科学高效机制,构建和完善常态化组织领导、政策制度和科学评价机制,推动学雷锋活动常态化,使高校在学雷锋活动中始终走在全社会的前列。