Assertive training for low-income black parents

An assertive training program for parents is described, which was implemented in the Detroit Public Schools Region 7 by therapists from the Wayne State University Psychology Clinic. Fifty-nine parents of preschool age children were trained for 5 consecutive weeks and at one follow-up session. The major goals of the program were to increase the self-esteem of family members and to promote a happier atmosphere in the home. Parents were enthusiastic about this approach and stated that the discussions helped them feel more confident and therefore they were able to handle specific problems with their children more effectively.This project was supported, in part, by a grant from the McGregor, Fund and the Eloise and Richard Webber Foundation.     

人是思维运动的唯一主体

思维运动主体不是人脑，而是从事社会实践的人。近代形而上学唯物主义把人脑看作是思维运动的主体，虽然肯定了思维运动主体的物质性，但却忽视了它的社会实践性。马克思主义哲学从实践出发理解现存世界和人的思维，把实践看作“人的思维的最本质和最切近的基础”，将从事社会实践活动的人确立为思维运动的主体，从而在思维运动主体上实现了物质性、实践性和社会性三者的有机统一。     

Are People Aware of Their HIV‐positive Status Responsible for Driving the Epidemic in Sub‐Saharan Africa? The Case of Malawi

Many have alleged that those who are now aware that they are HIV‐positive are driving the epidemic. This article reports the results of a study in Malawi that provides empirical evidence of differences in knowledge, attitudes and behaviour between HIV‐positive people and those unaware of their sero‐status. It comes to three conclusions: HIV‐positive people report better knowledge and attitudes; there is substantially higher safer‐sex practice among those aware of their HIV‐positive status; and the assertion that the epidemic is spread by those aware of their positive sero‐status is unsubstantiated. The overall message is that there is a need to accelerate both HIV testing and positive‐prevention work.     

Managing a Low-Incidence Risk: The Example of Toxic Shock Syndrome

This article demonstrates a methodology that allows individuals to reach a personal decision on the use of products which carry very small risks to health and life but also offer considerable benefits. A combination of the principles of dominance, extended dominance, and various methods of direct risk-benefit tradeoffs are shown to reduce the number of possible decisions regarding product use to the one optimal for the value structure of a particular individual. An historical examination of toxic-shock syndrome identifies tampons as a product with risks too small to warrant public intervention but too sizeable to be ignored. The methodology described here can be applied for all such products.     

An assessment of the one-child policy in China from 1980 to 1985

An analysis of second and third live birth conceptions, from January 1980 to July 1984, in the two Chinese provinces of Hebei and Shaanxi from the In-Depth Fertility Surveys showed: (1) in urban areas third live birth conceptions were quite rare, and higher economic development was associated with lower second live birth conception risks; and (2) in the countryside the preference for sons was a strong predictor of both second and third live birth conceptions, and higher household income was followed generally by lower risks of second and third live birth conceptions, while other socioeconomic factors had little effect.Des enquêtes approfondies sur la fécondité de deux provinces chinoises de Hebei et Shaanxi ont porté sur la période s'étendant de janvier 1980 à juillet 1984. Une analyse des naissances vivantes de rangs deux et trois montre que: (a) dans les zones urbaines les naissances de range trois sont très rares; de même, plus le développement économique est élevé plus le risque de naissances de rang deux est bas; (2) dans les zones rurales la préférence pour les garçons permet de bien prévoir les naissances vivantes de rang deux et de rang trois; également un revenu plus élevé du ménage entraîne généralement moins de naissances de rangs deux et trois, tandis que d'autres facteurs socio-économiques ont une action négligeable sur cette fécondité.

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An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association in San Francisco, August 9–13, 1989.     

The Impact of Occupational Sex Segregation on Family Businesses: The Case of American Harness Racing

Previous research on occupational sex segregation agrees that the workplace is not an isolated world but instead influences, and is influenced by, other spheres of social life. Identifying specific social factors both internal and external to the workplace, and how these may interact, can provide deeper insights into how occupational sex segregation is created and maintained. This study focuses on individual family businesses in American harness horse racing, a previously unexamined and highly sex‐segregated industry, and provides insights in how vertical and horizontal sex segregation may develop in family businesses. The findings show how the belief that married couples cannot debate and resolve work‐related conflicts without undue strain on their personal relationship leads some of these couples to organize their work into gendered tasks and workspaces, contributing to the maintenance of vertical segregation in the trainer position. The implications for segregation of other solutions, such as operating separate businesses, or working for another business, are less clear.     

以学校体育为依托推动全民健身的发展

采用文献综述的方法,论述了学校体育与全民健身的相互关系.并由此提出,学校体育是全民健身活动的基础,加强学校体育的改革与发展、促进学校体育的建设,是实现学校体育向社会化发展的有效途径.     

Assessing performance in local government

The author outlines the complexity of trying to measure performance in local government and poses the questions: performance review by whom?—elected members, professional officers, outside bodies and management consultants: for whom?—ratepayers, recipients of services, central government: and for what purpose?—to cut costs, to cut services, to improve efficiency. He then outlines the various techniques used to measure and assess performance in local government.