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781.
Although concerns have frequently been raised recently regarding the quality of life of intercollegiate athletes, information is seldom available on which college and university administrators can base policy decisions. Particularly lacking are studies that provide administrators with assessments of their own athletics programs relative to athletics programs at other institutions. We describe here a method we used in conducting a comparative evaluation of the status of student-athletes at a large public university, involving comparisons of student-athletes at this university to student-athletes at a subset of the institutions that participated in the 1987–88 National Study of Intercollegiate Athletes. By utilizing existing data sets to construct comparison samples, relative assessments of the status of student-athletes at a given institution can be performed without the excessive costs of gathering data on student-athletes at comparison institutions. Techniques employed in data collection and analysis are discussed as well as the format of the report in which the findings of the study were presented. 相似文献
782.
Mayer N. Zald 《Sociological Forum》1995,10(3):455-479
What do we mean by progress and cumulation in the social and human sciences? Recent thinking in the philosophy and history of science has led to an abandonment of some versions of logical positivism and of verificationism that had a strong deductive and theory testing orientation. What is to replace them is less clear. This paper argues that progress and cumulation can be seen as a process of evaluation and retention within an epistemic community. Scholarly disciplines differ in their social structure and in their epistemic and normative commitments. Since sociology is a fragmented discipline, progress and cumulation differ within its multiple subdisciplines, which to varying extents represent epistemic communities. Brief sketches of progress (advance) and cumulation in several subdisciplines are offered. 相似文献
783.
John C. Harsanyi 《Social Choice and Welfare》1995,12(4):319-333
Ethics can be divided into a theory of prudential values and a theory of morality in a narrower sense. My paper proposes a utilitarian — a rule-utilitarian — theory of morality. But it deviates from most of the utilitarian tradition by rejecting the hedonistic and subjectivistic accounts of prudential values favored by many utilitarian writers. While economists tend to define people's utility levels in terms of their actual preferences, ethics must define them in terms of their informed preferences. To prefer A over B does not mean to have a stronger desire for A than for B. Rather, it means to regard one's access to A as being more important than one's access to B. Even though different people often have quite different preferences, their basic desires seem to be much the same. We must choose our moral rules, and our society's moral code as a whole, by their social utility. An important factor in determining their social utility are their expectation effects. Unlike the rule — utilitarian more code, the act — utilitarian moral code would be unable to give proper weight to these expectation effects. It would also unduly restrict our individual freedom. Finally, I shall argue against Kant that morality is primarily a servant of many other human values rather than itself the highest value of human life. 相似文献
784.
785.
The present study was conducted to assess differences in the behavioral and demographic characteristics of snuff (dip) users as compared to users of chewing tobacco. High School football players (1116) were surveyed concerning their use and perceptions of smokeless tobacco. Adolescent athletes who tried smokeless tobacco were more likely to be white, to use cigarettes, alcohol, and cigars and to have family users than those who never tried. Initial use was highest before the age of fourteen years and was influenced by friends, curiosity and family. Dippers tended to initiate use because of friends, while chewers started because of family users. Users of both dip and chew started primarily because of curiosity. Users of both were more likely to consume greater amounts to alcohol and cigarettes and to smoke cigars and pipes. It appears that the longer smokeless tobacco is consumed, the more likely both dip and chew will be used. Users of smokeless tobacco for more than two years tended to consume more of the product each week, used it for more hours/day, initiated use at an earlier age, and used it more often at school and work than those using it for less than two years. Use of cigars/pipes, consumption of alcohol, and quantity of cigarette consumption increased significantly with longer duration of smokeless tobacco use. Intervention and prevention programs would be helped by understanding differences between users of various smokeless tobacco products and differences related to the duration of use. In addition, further analyses of smokeless tobacco users should study chewers, dippers, and users of both separately. 相似文献
786.
复方846、静松灵/氯胺酮、氯丙嗪/氯胺酮、氯丙嗪/乙醚、氯丙嗪/静松灵,均可使犬获得一定时间的麻醉效果。通过麻醉前、后体温(T℃)、呼吸(R),脉搏(P),镇痛反应,麻醉维持时间的检测;通过麻醉后手术安静顺利情况;从伤口愈合情况,以及术前、术后3天、7天白细胞、淋巴细胞、T淋巴细胞的变化表明:几组药物作用于犬后,体温间差异不显著(P>0.05),呼吸、脉搏部分呈显著性变化(P>0.05),各组术前、术后3天、7天的白细胞、淋巴细胞、T淋巴细胞变化组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。镇痛作用以复方846为好,其次为静松灵/氯胺酮、氯丙嗪/静松灵、氯丙嗪/氯胺酮、氯丙嗪/乙醚;麻醉维持时间复方846最长(133.70±9.66),其次为静松灵/氯胺酮(89±9.9);从手术安静顺利情况看,复方846、静松灵/氯胺酮优于其它组;从伤口愈合情况看,静松灵/氯胺酮优于其它组。综合比较:复方846、静松灵/氯胺酮用于大的临床麻醉,效果确实。 相似文献
787.
Edward A. Hanna Ph.D. 《Clinical Social Work Journal》1993,21(3):283-300
This paper explores an unusual and innovative application of psychodynamically oriented clinical social work method to the sports area. The coach of a national Olympics team requested a clinical consultation because he suspected that there might be psychosocial reasons why a certain number of world class atheletes he was coaching were not performing up to their full potential. 相似文献
788.
Neera Kuckreja Sohoni Ph.D. 《Gender Issues》1994,14(1):25-35
This article discusses the complexity of developing correlates of female crime in the comparative context of Western and Indian literature. It selectively reviews the findings of American and Indian studies of female crime and concludes with the author’s own findings from a study of 120 women prisoners conducted in a federal women’s prison in India. The author’s main contention is that whereas broad contours of offender profiles can be drawn, it is difficult to draw statistically significant relationships and infer from them predictable variables of criminality. 相似文献
789.
790.