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951.
Giorgio Dominese 《Transition Studies Review》2012,18(3):487-497
The paper examines the policies, choices, structural reforms, regulatory rules, corporate and public administration matching
the world standards, openness, innovation, competitiveness, fulfillment of multilateral obligations, integration and regional
approach achievements and international relations conditionality in the “Global Governance and Geopolitics” of the main economic,
financial and policy issues, with special focus on the new regional approaches pursued by America, the European Union and
Asia and the role of the emerging and transition countries. After the US Dollar, now the Eurozone is under pressure and the
main Asian countries fear a contagion effect. While somebody proposes a slow devaluation of the Euro in order to soften the
public deficits of the group of most exposed countries and restore more competitiveness to the real economy, political leaders
are thinking to adopt indirectly the Euro two speeds operative monetary strategy, through the introduction of the majority
vote, instead of the full Members consensus, for the most important decisions at the ECB in Frankfurt. Aside these monetary
and institutional measures, the binding of the single national fiscal policy to more strict EU parameters of compatibility
with the Eurozone sustainability appear unavoidable. This paper represents the background of my lecture given on November
4 at the Beijing Forum 2011 “The Harmony of Civilizations and Prosperity for All: Tradition and Modernity, Transition and
Transformation” () at the PEK University. 相似文献
952.
Jan Van Bavel 《Demography》2010,47(2):439-458
Theory suggests that the field of study may be at least as consequential for fertility behavior as the duration and level
of education. Yet, this qualitative dimension of educational achievement has been largely neglected in demographic studies.
This article analyzes the mechanisms relating the field of study with the postponement of motherhood by European college-graduate
women aged 20–40. The second round of the European Social Survey is used to assess the impact of four features of study disciplines
that are identified as key to reproductive decision making: the expected starting wage, the steepness of the earning profile,
attitudes toward gendered family roles, and gender composition. The results indicate that the postponement of motherhood is
relatively limited among graduates from study disciplines in which stereotypical attitudes about family roles prevail and
in which a large share of the graduates are female. Both the level of the starting wage and the steepness of the earning profile
are found to be associated with greater postponement. These results are robust to controlling for the partnership situation
and the age at entry into the labor market. 相似文献
953.
Few studies have examined the effects of early life conditions on the timing of the onset of heart disease. We use the remarkable
example of a representative sample of the population of older Puerto Ricans aged 60– 74 who lived in the countryside during
childhood (n = 1,438) to examine the effects of seasonal exposures to poor nutrition and infectious diseases during late gestation on
the timing of the onset and the probability of ever experiencing adult heart disease. Cox and log logistic hazard models controlling
for childhood conditions (self-reported childhood health status and socioeconomic status [SES], rheumatic fever, and knee
height) and adult risk factors (adult SES, obesity, smoking, texercise, and self-reported diabetes) showed that the risk of
onset of heart disease was 65% higher among those born during high-exposure periods compared with unexposed individuals. However,
there were no significant differences in median time of onset for those ever experiencing heart disease. As a comparison,
we found that there were no significant seasonality effects for those who lived in urban areas during childhood. We conclude
that early exposures in utero have important ramifications for adult heart disease among the older Puerto Rican population.
We show, however, that while exposure is associated with the probability of ever experiencing adult heart disease, it is not
associated with the timing of onset among those who do experience it. 相似文献
954.
We find that Union Army veterans of the American Civil War who faced greater wartime stress (as measured by higher battlefield
mortality rates) experienced higher mortality rates at older ages, but that men who were from more cohesive companies were
statistically significantly less likely to be affected by wartime stress. Our results hold for overall mortality, mortality
from ischemic heart disease and stroke, and new diagnoses of arteriosclerosis. Our findings represent one of the first long-run
health follow-ups of the interaction between stress and social networks in a human population in which both stress and social
networks are arguably exogenous. 相似文献
955.
Many important questions and theories in demography focus on changes over time, and on how those changes differ over geographic
and social space. Space-time analysis has always been important in studying fertility transitions, for example. However, demographers
have seldom used formal statistical methods to describe and analyze time series of maps. One formal method, used widely in
epidemiology, criminology, and public health, is Knox’s space-time interaction test. In this article, we discuss the potential
of the Knox test in demographic research and note some possible pitfalls. We demonstrate how to use familiar proportional
hazards models to adapt the Knox test for demographic applications. These adaptations allow for nonrepeatable events and for
the incorporation of structural variables that change in space and time. We apply the modified test to data on the onset of
fertility decline in Brazil over 1960–2000 and show how the modified method can produce maps indicating where and when diffusion
effects seem strongest, net of covariate effects. 相似文献
956.
Focus groups were conducted to appreciate the voices of Urban American Indians (UAI) who have mixed ancestries residing in
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Participants (15 women and 10 men, 19–83 years of age) with a variety of Native ancestries coming
from different nations (i.e., blackfeet, blackminkwa, Cherokee, Creek, Delaware, Lakota, Powhatan, Seminole, and Shawnee)
reported to also have a Non-Native racial/ethnic ancestry such as African/black, Hispanic, and/or Caucasian/white. Specifically,
this study provided evidence about (a) the complexity and challenge of being “mixed” UAI (e.g., “living a culture” as opposed
to blood quantum in determining a personal identity) (b) the linkage of cultural identities to mental health (c) contributions
of cultural activities to identities and mental health (e.g., therapeutic and healing functions of cultural activities), and
(d) very limited urban Native-oriented mental health service (e.g., visions for Native American-centered mental health clinic
in an urban setting). Building on those UAI’s voices, this paper provides a context for the need of a culturally respectful
transformation of urban mental health system by highlighting the clinical significance of cultural identity and mental health
promotion for UAI. 相似文献
957.
This research investigates three different indicators of at-risk socio-demographic conditions including dropping out of high
school, being idle, and being in highest-risk idleness among non-immigrant persons aged 19–24. Using data from the 2000 US
Census, our results detail the differentials in these characteristics for 30 different racial/ethnic groups that are further
broken down by gender. The findings indicate a wide range in the prevalence of these at-risk socio-demographic conditions.
Groups that tend to be the most at-risk in terms of these indicators include African Americans, Cambodians, Laotians, Native
Americans, other Hispanic whites, and white Mexicans. With the exception of the other Pacific Islander and Thai, young women
have lower high school dropout rates than do young men. However, young women are substantially more likely than young men
to be idle which we define as not being in school, the labor force, or the military. After defining highest-risk idleness
as never-married persons without children who are idle, however, the rates are slightly lower for young women than for young
men. 相似文献
958.
Sven Drefahl 《Demography》2010,47(2):313-326
I use hazard regression methods to examine how the age difference between spouses affects their survival. In many countries,
the age difference between spouses at marriage has remained relatively stable for several decades. In Denmark, men are, on
average, about three years older than the women they marry. Previous studies of the age gap between spouses with respect to
mortality found that having a younger spouse is beneficial, while having an older spouse is detrimental for one’s own survival.
Most of the observed effects could not be explained satisfactorily until now, mainly because of methodological drawbacks and
insufficiency of the data. The most common explanations refer to selection effects, caregiving in later life, and some positive
psychological and sociological effects of having a younger spouse. The present study extends earlier work by using longitudinal
Danish register data that include the entire history of key demographic events of the whole population from 1990 onward. Controlling
for confounding factors such as education and wealth, results suggest that having a younger spouse is beneficial for men but
detrimental for women, while having an older spouse is detrimental for both sexes. 相似文献
959.
Alisson F. Barbieri Edson Domingues Bernardo L. Queiroz Ricardo M. Ruiz José I. Rigotti José A. M. Carvalho Marco F. Resende 《Population and environment》2010,31(5):344-370
This research contributes to an understanding of the relationship between climate change, economic impacts and migration.
We model the long-term relationship (up to 45 years of projection) between demographic dynamics—particularly migration—driven
by changes in the performance of the economy due to climate changes in the Northeast region of Brazil. The region is of particular
relevance to the study of climate change impacts given its large human population (28% of Brazil’s population) and high levels
of impoverishment, having an extensive semi-dry area which will be severely impacted by growing temperatures. Ultimately,
the integrated model generates state- and municipal-level migration scenarios based on climate change impacts on the primary
economic sectors and their articulations with other sectors. Results suggest that the predicted climate changes will impact
severely the agriculture sector in the region, acting as a potential migration push factor to other regions in the country.
Finally, we discuss how the increased vulnerability of some groups, particularly migrants, can be factored into Brazilian
public policy and planning. 相似文献
960.
Aaron M. McCright 《Population and environment》2010,32(1):66-87
This study tests theoretical arguments about gender differences in scientific knowledge and environmental concern using 8 years
of Gallup data on climate change knowledge and concern in the US general public. Contrary to expectations from scientific
literacy research, women convey greater assessed scientific knowledge of climate change than do men. Consistent with much
existing sociology of science research, women underestimate their climate change knowledge more than do men. Also, women express
slightly greater concern about climate change than do men, and this gender divide is not accounted for by differences in key
values and beliefs or in the social roles that men and women differentially perform in society. Modest yet enduring gender
differences on climate change knowledge and concern within the US general public suggest several avenues for future research,
which are explored in the conclusion. 相似文献