儒家美德法理学论纲

儒家的道德思想可解读为一种温和的美德伦理学,既强调行为准则礼,又将个人品质作为 道德评价的根本标准。儒家美德法理学是受儒家道德思想启发而发展出来的当代法律理论,以礼、正名、 义和仁四个儒家根本理念为基础。在规范理论方面,儒家美德法理学将和谐(社会层面的协调性和谐与 个人层面的自治性和谐)看做是法律的重要价值之一。法律应当提供一个制度性框架以促进公民美德的 发展。在实在理论方面,儒家美德法理学从功能论的角度解释了法律如何指引公民的行为,并对评价性 概念的适用和法律指引人们行为的机制进行了理论上的阐释。以此为前提,儒家美德法理学要求法律中 的评价性概念和法律的内容能够被具有“义”美德的公民所内化,以令法治得以良好运行。     

INTEGRATING EMPIRICAL RESEARCH INTO THE PUBLIC POLICY PROCESS: AN ILLUSTRATION

A number of critical questions have arisen surrounding the value of using empirical data and analytical procedures in the formulation of social and/or public policy. This exploratory study illustrates how multivariate analyses can contribute to an objective formulation of compromise positions on a complex public policy issue. Both multidimensional scaling and analysis of variance were used to study how the perceptions of three divergent key influential groups could be integrated into a final legislative package. This researchbased methodology provides a more logical approach to public policy formulation than that typically offered by political compromise.     

Experimental Analysis of Neighborhood Effects

Families, primarily female‐headed minority households with children, living in high‐poverty public housing projects in five U.S. cities were offered housing vouchers by lottery in the Moving to Opportunity program. Four to seven years after random assignment, families offered vouchers lived in safer neighborhoods that had lower poverty rates than those of the control group not offered vouchers. We find no significant overall effects of this intervention on adult economic self‐sufficiency or physical health. Mental health benefits of the voucher offers for adults and for female youth were substantial. Beneficial effects for female youth on education, risky behavior, and physical health were offset by adverse effects for male youth. For outcomes that exhibit significant treatment effects, we find, using variation in treatment intensity across voucher types and cities, that the relationship between neighborhood poverty rate and outcomes is approximately linear.     

“MANAGING THE DECISION SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY: A CASE FOR ETHICAL ANALYSIS?”-COMMENT

In the current issue of Decision Sciences, Brightman [2] argues that the growth of the discipline should be managed, and individual decision scientists must ultimately be held accountable for the ethical implications of implementing their research findings. The purpose of this comment is to examine several principles behind Brightman's arguments and to initiate a discussion of some of the important issues that have been raised. The distinction between the inquiry and technological imperatives and questions about the universality of moral reasoning at the ethical-principles leverl further Brightman's analysis and pose important considerations for decision scientists.     

Freezing the Master Production Schedule: Implications for Fill Rate*

Previous research examining alternative ways of dealing with schedule instability has shown that freezing a portion of the master production schedule (MPS) is a cost effective way to reduce instability. While it is often argued that MPS freezing limits the firm's ability to react to changing customer needs, the impact of freezing on customer service is not well understood. We examined the impact of freezing a specified portion of the MPS on the average fill rate under a wide variety of conditions using controlled simulation experiments. The results show that freezing can be implemented without causing a severe reduction in customer service.     

A GOAL PROGRAMMING MODEL FOR ALLOCATING HUMAN RESOURCES FOR THE GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE REGULATIONS

The Food and Drug Administration's final Good Laboratory Practice regulation will have a far-reaching effect on testing laboratories that are conducting nonclinical laboratory safety tests. This paper develops a goal programming decision model suitable for setting objectives, meeting budgetary and operational constraints, planning personnel utilization, and evaluating different proposals for allocating laboratory personnel to implement a program.