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81.
Just 5 years ago, at the pinnacle of their success, New Zealand unions negotiated collective agreements covering over 720,000
employees and were successful in persuading some 603,000 of these employees to join. In May 1991, the Employment Contracts
Act, which withdrew totally any state-endorsement or sponsorship of union activity, radically altered their position. Union
membership fell by around 40 percent in the four years since the enactment of the Act — from 603,000 to 376,000 members in
December 1994; the overall number of unions remaining has declined to around 80; a number of unions have become insolvent
and have filed for liquidation; staff retrenchments within unions has been widely reported and, in some cases, this has led
to a reduction in services and capacity. Data for 1993 suggest that union decline may have “bottomed out” with unions losing
fewer than 20,000 members in that year. However, decline is again apparent in the 1994 data. The removal of external legitimacy
has had a significant impact on unionization rates. We review the conditions under which the restoration of legitimacy would
bring about a reversal of union decline. 相似文献
82.
The New Public Management has a paramount implication for thedelegation of authority to implement public policy, namely,that efficient delegations are designed according to the substanceof the task to be performed. In other words, the governmentmust be able to choose the best agent to carry out a particulartask, which implies that the set of agents must not be confinedto actors and departments within the bureaucracy. This flexibilityof form creates the incentives behind the quango, and increasesthe importance of ex ante design for the legislature to avoidmisuse of public funds. It also has the potential to increaseex post enforcement activity by the government. This articleexamines ex ante design from the perspective of auditing, presentinga formal model of the construction of auditing procedures asa response to expectations of the misuse of funds. By creatingrequirements such as the requisite submission of annual plans,reports, and accounts, governments attempt to create a compliance-inducingscheme much like that present in tax enforcement. The theoreticalmodel generates empirical predictions that are statisticallyexamined using data on public bodies in the Netherlands createdbetween 1946 and 1993. Empirical results demonstrate strongsupport for the theory. 相似文献
83.
This article introduces an approach to estimating the uncertain potential effects on lung cancer risk of removing a particular constituent, cadmium (Cd), from cigarette smoke, given the useful but incomplete scientific information available about its modes of action. The approach considers normal cell proliferation; DNA repair inhibition in normal cells affected by initiating events; proliferation, promotion, and progression of initiated cells; and death or sparing of initiated and malignant cells as they are further transformed to become fully tumorigenic. Rather than estimating unmeasured model parameters by curve fitting to epidemiological or animal experimental tumor data, we attempt rough estimates of parameters based on their biological interpretations and comparison to corresponding genetic polymorphism data. The resulting parameter estimates are admittedly uncertain and approximate, but they suggest a portfolio approach to estimating impacts of removing Cd that gives usefully robust conclusions. This approach views Cd as creating a portfolio of uncertain health impacts that can be expressed as biologically independent relative risk factors having clear mechanistic interpretations. Because Cd can act through many distinct biological mechanisms, it appears likely (subjective probability greater than 40%) that removing Cd from cigarette smoke would reduce smoker risks of lung cancer by at least 10%, although it is possible (consistent with what is known) that the true effect could be much larger or smaller. Conservative estimates and assumptions made in this calculation suggest that the true impact could be greater for some smokers. This conclusion appears to be robust to many scientific uncertainties about Cd and smoking effects. 相似文献
84.
Darrell Anthony Luzzo Dylan P. Funk Jason Strang 《The Career development quarterly》1996,44(4):378-386
This study examined whether 60 college students (41 women and 19 men), grouped according to their career locus of control, were differentially affected by a videotaped career intervention. The intervention was an attributional retraining procedure designed to persuade students to attribute low levels of confidence in making career decisions and career-related failures to a lack of effort. Results indicated that the career decision-making self-efficacy (CDMSE) of students who initially exhibited an external career locus of control significantly increased after the attributional retraining procedure (p < .05), whereas the students who initially exhibited an internal career locus of control demonstrated no significant increase in CDMSE after attributional retraining. 相似文献
85.
Today, family therapists should have an understanding of the development and maintenance of substance abusing patterns in families. In this paper, the authors describe a graduate course for teaching therapists about the contributions that have been made to the understanding and treatment of substance abuse by family researchers, theorists and clinicians. Course purpose, student selection, instructional methods and course content are delineated. 相似文献
86.
Robert H. Saam Kenneth H. Wodtke Anthony A. Hains 《The Career development quarterly》1995,44(1):43-51
This study examined the effectiveness of a structured cognitive stress reduction program for unemployed managers involved in an outplacement program. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two conditions. One group of managers received structured weekly counseling using a cognitively based stress reduction program. They were compared with a control group that received unstructured advice about managing stress as part of a typical outplacement program. The managers who received the cognitive intervention, as compared with managers in the control group, found reemployment significantly sooner and showed reductions in levels of state anxiety and anger that were statistically significant. 相似文献
87.
88.
89.
Anthony Gleeson 《Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy》1987,8(4):200-204
A definition of ‘engagement’ in therapy is developed, based upon the proposition “the client engages the therapist”. Engagement is then distinguished from ‘joining’, and a consideration of the relational power between client and therapist, implied by this definition, shows it to be consistent with systemic theory for therapy. 相似文献
90.
J. D. Leach 《Social Policy & Administration》1987,21(3):236-243
The International Social Security Association is marking this year its 60th Anniversary, and this is an appropriate time to consider and evaluate the organization's work. Does the apparatus of Committees, reports and a triennial Assembly justify the cost of participation by members, ultimately borne by contributors or taxpayers? The paper gives a brief history of ISSA and its forerunners, describes the working methods, gives an account of the 22nd Assembly held in 1986 in Montreal, and concludes with an assessment of its efficacy. 相似文献