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31.
Maximum likelihood (ML) estimation of relative risks via log-binomial regression requires a restricted parameter space. Computation via non linear programming is simple to implement and has high convergence rate. We show that the optimization problem is well posed (convex domain and convex objective) and provide a variance formula along with a methodology for obtaining standard errors and prediction intervals which account for estimates on the boundary of the parameter space. We performed simulations under several scenarios already used in the literature in order to assess the performance of ML and of two other common estimation methods. 相似文献
32.
Leon F. Bouvier 《Population and environment》1990,11(3):193-202
A major Census Bureau study released in January 1989 has evoked renewed warnings in the media and among some population analysts that the U.S. faces population decline in the next century if it does not increase fertility and/or raise immigration. The report's middle scenario rests on an assumed future total fertility rate (TFR) of 1.8, life expectancy of 81.2 years, and net immigration of 500,000 annually. These mid-range assumptions would yield a United States population of 268 million by 2000, peaking at 302 million in 2040 and falling to 292 million by 2080. Questionable assumptions in the report's most likely scenario are discussed. These are:
- that immigrants bear children at the same rate as their equivalent age and racial group in the United States population.
- that the high TFR of Hispanics will not raise the overall 1.8 TFR foreseen for whites as the Hispanic proportion of the white population continues to grow.
- that net yearly immigration will fall to 575,000 in 1990 and 500,000 by 2000. The Census Bureau's "high" assumption of 800,000 net yearly may be more realistic.
33.
Youth in the foster care system are more likely to be diagnosed with mental illness than those in the general population. Within this system, youth with antisocial behavior (e.g., aggressive, oppositional) are overrepresented. The challenges youth with antisocial behavior present to foster care systems make understanding the factors that predict remission in this population important for improving placement stability. Using Optimal Data Analysis (ODA), this study examines potential moderating effects of various individual, social, and strength variables on clinically significant decreases antisocial behavior in a sample of foster care youth over time. Results revealed positive improvements in youths' wellbeing to be the optimal predictor of resolution, followed by positive changes in family functioning and positive changes in adjustment to trauma (i.e., symptoms of PTSD). These results indicate that clinically significant decreases over time in antisocial behavior were associated with concurrent improvement in individual and environmental variables. Implications for service providers working with this population are discussed. 相似文献
34.
Jenny Leon 《Children & Society》2011,25(3):228-238
This article examines the transition in Romanian child welfare policy from a paternalistic attitude of taking responsibility for ‘abandoned’ children to a capitalist orientation of reinstating responsibility for ‘abandoned’ children to the private sphere. While this shift in child policy is often seen to reflect a withdrawal of the public sphere from the private world of childcare, this study argues, alternatively, that this shift demonstrates a change in the form of governmental intervention. This article is based on ethnographic research that examines the reflections of Romanian child welfare professionals upon their changing roles. 相似文献
35.
This paper describes an approach for calculating sample size for population pharmacokinetic experiments that involve hypothesis testing based on multi‐group comparison detecting the difference in parameters between groups under mixed‐effects modelling. This approach extends what has been described for generalized linear models and nonlinear population pharmacokinetic models that involve only binary covariates to more complex nonlinear population pharmacokinetic models. The structural nonlinear model is linearized around the random effects to obtain the marginal model and the hypothesis testing involving model parameters is based on Wald's test. This approach provides an efficient and fast method for calculating sample size for hypothesis testing in population pharmacokinetic models. The approach can also handle different design problems such as unequal allocation of subjects to groups and unbalanced sampling times between and within groups. The results obtained following application to a one compartment intravenous bolus dose model that involved three different hypotheses under different scenarios showed good agreement between the power obtained from NONMEM simulations and nominal power. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
36.
37.
Leon H. Ginsberg Harvey L. Gochros Robert Porter Victor L. Schneider Leroy G. Schultz 《Journal of Social Work Education》2013,49(2):16-24
This paper reports on a study that examined the knowledge needed for practice in community mental health and the primary source for this knowledge. Differences were found in knowledge areas needed for practice in community mental health settings when contrasted with practice in more traditional mental health agencies. The most frequently indicated source of knowledge for social work roles in community mental health was on-the-job experience. Courses in social work schools were not a primary source of knowledge for the many nonclinical roles undertaken by social workers in community mental health. 相似文献
38.
Abstract This study seeks to understand the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and self-reported indicators of physical and mental health in an urban Third World context. The data come from a probability sample of 654 adult residents of Georgetown, Guyana. There is a significant inverse association between formal education and morbidity for four of the six measures of health status. In this research the extent to which self-concept, health behaviors, stress and social ties are linked to health status and SES, and can explain SES differences in health status is explored. Psychosocial factors, especially the self-concept measures (self-esteem and mastery) play a moderate role in accounting for educational differences in health status. 相似文献
39.
Psychosocial treatment research studies encounter obstacles to random assignment (RA). Used together, two procedures offer an alternative to the standard RA design. First, sequential assignment (SA) may create less opposition from administration, staff, and clients. SA operates on the principle that limited bed availability, a common treatment consideration in the field, determines assignment of clients to conditions. Second, treatment-as-usual (TAU) represents an alternative type of control condition. Some clients on the waiting list will, before a slot opens up and they enter an experimental condition, be absorbed into the existing treatment system, in which the amount and type of treatment they receive can vary widely. Substituting SA and TAU for the standard RA design may introduce methodological impurities including certain limited biases. 相似文献
40.
“全球感测网”就像是地球的电子皮肤或电子神经系统一般,由许许多多、各式各样的传感器所连结而成,这些传感器彼此沟通、合作且不眠不休地监测我们的世界。 相似文献