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81.
Tobacco use among youth remains one of our nation's most significant public health problems, and yet available evidence from prevention and cessation person-centered approaches has been mixed. Given these disappointing outcomes, some have recommended more public health approaches, and these include tobacco sales-to-minors and possession-use-purchase laws. While community members and police officials have endorsed these types of public health initiatives, many within the public health community have been either guarded or even oppositional to such approaches. The primary reasons for this controversy are reviewed in this article. Outcome studies indicate that sales-to-minors laws can be an effective step toward the reduction of youth access to commercial sources of tobacco. However, even with these laws in place, many youth indicate that they continue to have easy access to tobacco, often by means of social sources. Advocates of these approaches have argued that more comprehensive public health interventions are needed, such as programs that combine youth access and possession-use-purchase laws. This article reviews the ongoing debate behind these types of public health efforts, and examines the evidence of such programs to reduce youth tobacco use. 相似文献
82.
Leonard DM 《Work (Reading, Mass.)》2000,14(2):151-157
The increased prevalence of work-related cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs) of the upper extremity highlights the need for effective prevention programs. This paper examines the effectiveness of different intervention strategies used to educate workers about the prevention of upper extremity CTDs. The articles reviewed include primary prevention and reinjury prevention interventions in both clinical and workplace settings. The current research findings are inconclusive. Intervention strategies may include discussion, demonstration, or practice of proper posture and body mechanics. Practice of correct techniques may not be necessary to achieve improved hand-use patterns in assembly-line workers. However, practice with intensive feedback may be necessary to achieve the best performance of hand-wrist position, but not sitting posture, in computer operators. The effects of practice on correct hand use may depend on the type of job task. Further research is needed to clarify the role of practice and feedback in CTD prevention. 相似文献
83.
Five acoustic characteristics of five operationally defined laugh responses and the habitual speech fundamental frequency (F0) from each of 11 male college students are described in this study. Findings revealed a positive correlation between the means of laugh duration and number of intensity peaks. Analysis of variance performed between each of the three F0 measures of laughter as well as the F0 of habitual speech indicated differences in means were not statistically significant. A significant difference was found between the means of the habitual speech F0 and the peak laugh F0. Implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
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85.
Public policy attention to numerous issues arising from children's television commercials has resulted in considerable research interest in this area. Most studies have been based on 1) cognitive developmental approaches; 2) survey methods based on parental reports of child viewing; 3) a view of the child as an atomized entity in the viewing environment. This study focuses on interactive episodes of child viewing. Behavior specimens of interactive viewing collected by naturalistic methods are presented illustrating children and parents actively shaping the commercial viewing situation. 相似文献
86.
Individual and structural explanations of poverty 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Leonard Beeghley 《Population research and policy review》1988,7(3):201-222
This article illustrates the difference between individual and structural accounts of poverty in the U.S. Some of the correlates
of poverty among individuals are job loss, low skills, female family head, discrimination against blacks and hispanics, family
size, and age at marriage. The structural factors producing a high rate of poverty are the reproduction of the class system,
macroeconomic policies, the vicious circle of poverty, the structure of the electoral process, the structure of the economy,
institutionalized gender discrimination, and institutionalized ethnic discrimination. Thus, the variables accounting for each
phenomenon are different. A theoretical rationale for the relationship between social structure and rates of events is presented,
and similarities between the approach used here and research in other disciplines are noted. 相似文献
87.
This paper examines two hypotheses dealing with the level of income inequality in the United States: the inequality stability and inequality reduction arguments. It shows that when data on the impact of income transfers to the nonpoor population are taken into account, the inequality stability hypothesis appears to be the most accurate. 相似文献
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90.
The purpose of the study reported here is to assess the relationship between fertility expectation (total number of children expected to have or have had), childrearing career (ratio of actual or intended total time per child taken out of the labour force to rear children), and the following variables across female age cohorts: (a) age, (b) education, (c) personal income, (d) religious strength, (e) marital status, and (f) employment status. The random sample consists of 323 women. Results of simultaneous equation modelling indicates that fertility expectation and childrearing career are influenced by different factors in the age cohorts. Results are discussed in terms of role compatibility and new home economics theories.Data were part of the Winnipeg Area Study, managed by Raymond Curry in the Department of Sociology, University of Manitoba.Dr. Kingsbury received her Ph.D. from the University of North Carolina-Greensboro. Her research interests are fertility decision-making and women's employment. 相似文献