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991.
Owing to servitisation, manufacturing companies are increasingly required to compete through the provision of services around their products. The contracts for these services are often allocated through competitive bidding where the potential suppliers submit a price bid to the customer. The pricing decision is influenced by various uncertainties. This article proposes a conceptual framework depicting these influencing uncertainties on the bidding strategy. This framework is based on three empirical studies with industry investigating different viewpoints on the decision-making process. The intention is to support the pricing decision when competitively bidding for a service contract. The framework can be applied to specific competitive bidding situations to identify the influencing uncertainties, model them and depict their influences on the pricing decision.  相似文献   
992.
Summary.  We construct approximate confidence intervals for a nonparametric regression function, using polynomial splines with free-knot locations. The number of knots is determined by generalized cross-validation. The estimates of knot locations and coefficients are obtained through a non-linear least squares solution that corresponds to the maximum likelihood estimate. Confidence intervals are then constructed based on the asymptotic distribution of the maximum likelihood estimator. Average coverage probabilities and the accuracy of the estimate are examined via simulation. This includes comparisons between our method and some existing methods such as smoothing spline and variable knots selection as well as a Bayesian version of the variable knots method. Simulation results indicate that our method works well for smooth underlying functions and also reasonably well for discontinuous functions. It also performs well for fairly small sample sizes.  相似文献   
993.
Abstract.  Statistical inference for exponential inhomogeneous Markov point processes by transformation is discussed. It is argued that the inhomogeneity parameter can be estimated, using a partial likelihood based on an inhomogeneous Poisson point process. The inhomogeneity parameter can thereby be estimated without taking the interaction into account, which simplifies the statistical analysis considerably. Data analysis and simulation experiments support the results.  相似文献   
994.
This study examined the mediating processes linking assertiveness and decision making to early adolescent substance initiation, along with the moderating effect of gender on those processes. Models specifying negative expectancies and refusal intentions as mediators of individual rights assertiveness and decision‐making effects on substance initiation were evaluated across 18 months on a nontreatment cohort of young adolescents participating in a prevention trial (average age 12.3 years at baseline; N=357). Results indicated that individual rights assertiveness and decision making had indirect effects on substance initiation through effects on negative outcome expectancies and refusal intentions. Gender differences were found in both the average level and the pattern of relationships among the variables. For girls, refusal intentions were negatively associated with later substance initiation. For boys, early levels of substance initiation were negatively associated with later levels of negative expectancies and refusal intentions. Implications for prevention programming are discussed.  相似文献   
995.
Observational learning is an important area in the field of psychology and behavior science more generally. Given this, it is essential that behavior analysts articulate a sound theory of how behavior change occurs through observation. This paper begins with an overview of seminal research in the area of observational learning, followed by a consideration of common behavior analytic conceptualizations of these findings. The interbehavioral perspective is then outlined, shedding light on some difficulties with the existing behavior analytic approaches. The implications of embracing the interbehavioral perspective for understanding the most complex sorts of behavior, including those involved in observational learning are considered.  相似文献   
996.
997.
In recent years, clinicians have become increasingly more aware of the high risk of psychiatric disability when parents are unable to mourn the loss of a stillborn baby or a neonate. The literature discussing the psychodynamic functions of this mourning process and the social as well as intrapsychic defenses against it is examined. A clinical illustration suggests how difficulty in acknowledging the ongoing significance of the infant's death can have major ramifications within both the marital relationship and the treatment context. Countertransference issues are found to be particularly important.  相似文献   
998.
Preliminary data are reported from an ongoing project devoted to the study of normal families. The research emphasizes the effects of system-level variables and the micro patterns of conversational interaction on the development of children within the family. Our theoretical model focuses on the individuation process, and the way in which accuracy of interpersonal perception and mutual validation among family members contribute to and are affected by the personal development and functioning of individual family members. The data derive from two-hour interviews with 99 families in their homes, plus psychological, sociometric and achievement data on an adolescent girl in each family. We have found both structural factors and patterns of conversational interaction among parents that distinguish families of the adolescent girls who score high on the individual functioning measures from families of adolescent girls who score low on these same measures.  相似文献   
999.
Since the 1930s, jury deliberation has been studied only through questionnaire or interview, or experimental methods. This paper uses a participant observer approach to the study of deliberations in six juries. Juries were found to be concerned both with the issues in the trial and with the intersection of their own and the trial participants' birgraphies. Their deliberations included assessments of the moral character of the criminal participants, the competence of the attorneys and judges, both from within the context of jurors' own life experiences. The imagery of the “good juror,” the interactions with fellow jurors, and the extra-jury everyday life contingencies brought to the jury room also influenced deliberations.  相似文献   
1000.
The concept of cognitive mapping as drawn from sociological phenomenology is used to clarify the complexity of the concept of community. Fifty residents of a Midwestern rural area were asked to drawn maps of their community. The maps reveal individual differences in the perception of a community and a tendency for the perception of community to vary by gender. Where the activities within a community tend to be segregated, there will also tend to be different viewpoints or cognitive maps of the community.  相似文献   
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